“…It offers high spatial resolution at the atomic scale, but it is limited to crystalline materials and has a lower intensity compared to electron diffraction. For ZnO NPs, a pure hexagonal wurtzite structure was identified using diffraction peaks (2θ degree) and attributed to the following Miller–Bravais indices: (100), (002), (101), (102), (110), (103), (200), (112), and (201) (JCPDS No.89-0510 or JCPDS No.36-1541) [112,113,114]. Bindu and Thomas [112] analyzed the lattice strain in ZnO NPs with crystalline sizes of 27.49 nm, 35.35 nm, 36.28 nm, 36.09 nm, and 34.55 nm as calculated by Scherrer method, the uniform deformation model, uniform stress deformation model, and uniform deformation energy density model of the Williamson–Hall method, and a size-strain plot.…”