Preoperative hyponatremia predicts complications in older patients undergoing digestive tract surgery: a propensity score matching analysis

Abstract

Purpose Whether preoperative hyponatremia increases the risk of postoperative complications in older patients undergoing digestive tract surgery remains unclear. The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between preoperative hyponatremia and life-threatening postoperative complications (including death) among older patients undergoing digestive tract surgery. Methods This was a propensity score-matched, retrospective cohort study. We recruited older patients (≥ 65 years of age) who underwent digestive tract surgery in our institution. The propensity score matching (PSM; 1:2) was used to balance a range of covariates between patients with preoperative hyponatremia (serum sodium [Na+] levels < 135 mmol/L) and those with normal [Na+] levels (135–145 mmol/L). The primary outcome was the occurrence of life-threatening postoperative complications and mortality (i.e., Clavien–Dindo grade IV and V [CD IV and V] complications) during hospital stay. The relationship between preoperative hyponatremia and the development of CD IV and V complications was identified with logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 1076 patients were analyzed (mean age 73.9 years; 421 female [39.1%]). Preoperative hyponatremia was identified in 122 patients. After matching, 312 patients were included in the analyses (104 patients with preoperative hyponatremia and 208 patients with normal [Na+] levels; mean age, 76.3 years; 130 female [41.7%]). When compared with normal [Na+] levels, preoperative hyponatremia was associated with an increased risk of CD IV and V complications (odds ratio [OR] 2.082, 95% confidential interval [CI] 1.041–4.164, P = 0.038). Preoperative hyponatremia was also significantly associated with a higher risk of postoperative infectious complications (OR 2.158, 95% CI 1.138–4.091, P = 0.018). Conclusion Preoperative hyponatremia can predict an increased risk of life-threatening postoperative complications and mortality in older patients undergoing digestive tract surgery.