Prenatal sonographic evaluation of Arnold Chiari II Malformation

Abstract

Arnold Chiari malformations are a broad group of malformations with distinctive imaging findings. They are named after an Austrian pathologist Hans Chiari who first identified types I-III in 1891. It is a spectrum of congenital abnormalities of CNS, characterized by downward displacement of the parts of the cerebellum, fourth ventricle, pons and medulla oblongata into the spinal canal. Type II is the most common subtype and is invariably associated with open neural tube defects like myelomeningocele. They constitute an important cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality and hence the need for prenatal evaluation with ultrasound to detect the anomalies. In this article we describe the features of Arnold chiari malformation, illustrate type II cases with sonological parameters for assessment, discuss the findings for diagnosis and conclude with prognosis and management.

Electrochemical detection of bicalutamide in sepiolite clay sensing platform: Its possible electrooxidation mechanism, determination, and DNA interaction

“…biological samples is the main advantage of the sensor developed. The LOD obtained in this work is comparable to those in the literature [18,19]. Moreover, to confirm the accuracy of the proposed sensor, the BICA analysis in commercial tablet samples that contains 50 mg BICA were performed with really satisfactory recovery results (Table 4).…”

“…In one of them, published by Raghu et al. in 2010 [18], the reduction mechanism was exhibited, and based on the reduction peak, a differential pulse voltammetric method (DPV) was developed using a glassy carbon electrode surface. The second was published by Pandit et al.…”

“…A literature survey about BICA shows that although there are numerous chromatographic [9][10][11][12][13] and spectroscopic [14][15][16][17] methods for its quantitative determination, there are only two studies about voltammetric analysis [18,19]. Chromatographic and spectroscopic methods are time-consuming, require qualified personnel, and are costly and of complex nature.…”

“…Based on the literature knowledge, only two voltammetric approaches use the reduction peak of BICA. In one of them, published by Raghu et al in 2010 [18], the reduction mechanism was exhibited, and based on the reduction peak, a differential pulse voltammetric method (DPV) was developed using a glassy carbon electrode surface. The second was published by Pandit et al in 2015 [19]; using the reduction signal of BICA, the DPV method was developed on the surface of single-walled carbon nanotubes modified CPE.…”