Prenatal exposure to benzodiazepine—I. Prenatal exposure to lorazepam in mice alters open-field activity and GABAA receptor function

Chesley, Shelley; Lumpkin, Monica; Schatzki, Andrew; Galpern, Wendy R.; Greenblatt, David J.; Shader, Richard I.; Miller, Lawrence G.

doi:10.1016/0028-3908(91)90042-a

Cited by 26 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Although the REY in layers A-F shows a relatively significant correlation with Zr, zircon is not the major carrier for REY because the UCC-normalized REY distribution of the samples studied (Figure 10) is not consistent with the REY distribution of zircon (HREY enrichment type, positive Ce anomaly, negative Eu anomaly, and positive Y anomaly [40]). The REY-rich samples SL-12 and SL-13 from layer B display a higher La/Ho ratio compared to other benches (Figure 9), probably indicating precipitation of LREY-enriched mineral phases, such as monazite, which preferentially incorporate the LREE but do not fractionate Y and Ho (a rather constant Y/Ho ratio) as reported by Bau and Dulski [36] and Chesley et al [41]. Additionally, the L-type REY distribution (Figure 10B) and relatively high P and Th content in the REY-rich samples SL-12 and SL-13 appear to indicate the occurrence of phosphate minerals, such as monazite.…”

Section: Mode Of Occurrence Of Elementssupporting

confidence: 64%

Geological Controls on Geochemical Anomaly of the Carbonaceous Mudstones in Xian’an Coalfield, Guangxi Province, China

Zhang

Liao³

et al. 2022

Energies

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The anomalous enrichment of the rare earth elements and yttrium (REY), U, Mo, As, Se, and V in the coal-bearing intervals intercalated within the carbonate successions in South China has attracted much attention due to the highly promising recovery potential for these elements. This study investigates the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the late Permian coal-bearing intervals (layers A–F) intercalated in marine carbonate strata in the Xian’an Coalfield in Guangxi Province to elucidate the mode of occurrence and enrichment process of highly elevated elements. There are two mineralogical assemblages, including quartz-albite-kaolinite-carbonates assemblage in layers D–F and quartz-illite-kaolinite-carbonates assemblage in layers A–C. Compared to the upper continental crust composition (UCC), the REY, U, Mo, As, Se, and V are predominantly enriched in layers A and B, of which layer A displays the REY–V–Se–As assemblage while layer B shows the Mo–U–V assemblage. The elevated REY contents in layer B are primarily hosted by clay minerals, zircon, and monazite; Mo, U, and V show organic association; and As and Se primarily display Fe-sulfide association. Three geological factors are most likely responsible for geochemical anomaly: (1) the more intensive seawater invasion gives rise to higher sulfur, Co, Ni, As, and Se contents, as well as higher Sr/Ba ratio in layers A–C than in layers D–F; (2) both the input of alkaline pyroclastic materials and the solution/rock interaction jointly govern the anomalous enrichment of REY; and (3) the influx of syngenetic or early diagenetic hydrothermal fluids is the predominant source of U, Mo, V, Se, and As.

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Section: Mode Of Occurrence Of Elementssupporting

confidence: 64%

Geological Controls on Geochemical Anomaly of the Carbonaceous Mudstones in Xian’an Coalfield, Guangxi Province, China

Zhang

Liao³

et al. 2022

Energies

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“…There are several potential mechanisms by which AEDs may affect the developing brain including chronic alterations in gene regulation and protein expression. Several groups found that rats exposed to phenobarbital or benzodiazepines in utero or during postnatal development had changes in GABA neurotransmitter receptor subunits, synthesis enzymes, or transporter expression when assessed in adulthood (Rothe and Bigl, 1989; Gruen et al, 1990; Chesley et al, 1991; Tseng et al, 1994; Holt et al, 1997, 1997; Raol et al, 2005). These studies support the idea that drugs that alter GABA neurotransmission during development may permanently alter the molecular machinery that controls the neuronal responses to GABA throughout life.…”

Section: Aeds and The Developing Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seizures and Antiepileptic Drugs: Does Exposure Alter Normal Brain Development?

2006

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Summary: Seizures and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) affect brain development and have long-term neurological consequences. The specific molecular and cellular changes, the precise timing of their influence during brain development, and the full extent of the long-term consequences of seizures and AEDs exposure have not been established. This review critically assesses both the basic and clinical science literature on the effects of seizures and AEDs on the developing brain and finds that evidence exists to support the hypothesis that both seizures and antiepileptic drugs influence a variety of biological process, at specific times during development, which alter long-term cognition and epilepsy susceptibility. More research, both clinical and experimental, is needed before changes in current clinical practice, based on the scientific data, can be recommended. Key Words: Antiepileptic drugs-Seizures-Brain developmentCognitive studies.Each time clinicians make decisions regarding treatment of seizures in an infant or young child, they weigh the prevailing evidence regarding the relative effects of seizures and antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment on the developing brain. Both these topics have been discussed and debated among pediatric neurologists for decades; however, advances in developmental neuroscience, as well as recent clinical studies, now shed new light on this topic. Therefore, this review addresses both the clinical and basic science literature on the impact of seizures and AEDs on the developing brain, with the hope of contributing to an improved understanding of the consequences of the treatment decisions by clinicians caring for infants and young children with seizures. SEIZURES AND THE DEVELOPING BRAIN Seizures and the developing brain: clinical studiesWhether or not seizures impair brain development has been a fundamental issue in epilepsy research and clinical practice. This issue, however, has been difficult to approach in clinical research studies, as multiple factors are all potential contributors to cognitive dysfunction in children with epilepsy. In addition to the seizures themselves, AEDs, underlying brain malformations, and preexisting learning and attention problems are all potential contributors to cognitive dysfunction in children with epilepsy. The most compelling clinical literature addressing the issue of whether seizures themselves cause or exacerbate cognitive dysfunction comes from prospective cohort studies of new onset seizure patients who are followed longitudinally with formal neuropsychological testing beginning at or near the onset of their epilepsy. Early studies (five published prior to 1940 (Dodrill, 2004)) following children for 1 to more than 4 years, examined standard intelligence quotient (IQ) test data and found that 10 to 40% of children with seizures demonstrated mild to moderate reductions in IQ over time. Unfortunately, standard IQ data lack the sensitivity of more detailed neuropsychological testing, limiting the interpretation of these early studies.More recent stu...

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“…5 6 Early case-control studies in humans found that maternal benzodiazepine exposure increased the risk of fetal cleft lip and cleft palate. 7 8 Subsequent reports implicated benzodiazepines as the cause of major malformations9 – 11 and a benzodiazepine syndrome similar to fetal alcohol syndrome.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzodiazepine use in pregnancy and major malformations or oral cleft: meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies

Dolovich

Addis

Vaillancourt

et al. 1998

BMJ

294

122

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Objective: To determine if exposure to benzodiazepines during the first trimester of pregnancy increases risk of major malformations or cleft lip or palate. Design: Meta-analysis. Setting: Studies from 1966 to present. Subjects: Studies were located with Medline, Embase, Reprotox, and from references of textbooks, reviews, and included articles. Included studies were original, concurrently controlled studies in any language. Interventions: Data extraction and quality assessment were done independently and in duplicate. Main outcome measures: Maternal exposure to benzodiazepines in at least the first trimester; incidence of major malformations or oral cleft alone, measured as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals with a random effects model.

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Prenatal exposure to benzodiazepine—I. Prenatal exposure to lorazepam in mice alters open-field activity and GABAA receptor function

Cited by 26 publications

References 22 publications

Geological Controls on Geochemical Anomaly of the Carbonaceous Mudstones in Xian’an Coalfield, Guangxi Province, China

Geological Controls on Geochemical Anomaly of the Carbonaceous Mudstones in Xian’an Coalfield, Guangxi Province, China

Seizures and Antiepileptic Drugs: Does Exposure Alter Normal Brain Development?

Benzodiazepine use in pregnancy and major malformations or oral cleft: meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies

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