Prenatal diagnosis of schizencephaly after inhalation of organic solvents

Witters, Ingrid; Cannie, Mieke; Casaer, Paul; Devriendt, Koenraad

doi:10.1002/uog.3939

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Several brain areas appear particularly sensitive to damage following perinatal toluene exposure. Heavy occupational exposure was associated with a dramatic case of fetal schizencephaly, a bilateral 'cleft' or split brain in the mid-axial plane and involving suprainsular cortex, in one report [Witters et al 2007]. Two studies with toluene exposure via gavage (650 mg/ml) from GD6 through GD19 at a dose argued to be equivalent to a 3 h exposure to about 4,000 ppm, reduced whole brain and certain forebrain area volumes accompanied by fewer cells, smaller average cell size, and reduced myelination Zhou 1998, 2000].…”

Section: Neurobehavioral Teratologymentioning

confidence: 97%

Reproductive Toxicology and Teratology of Abused Toluene

Hannigan

Bowen

2010

Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine

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Reproductive Toxicology and Teratology of Abused TolueneToluene is an organic solvent that is widely used by industry and is ubiquitous in our environment. As a result, exposure to solvents like toluene in workrelated settings (i.e., relatively constant, low-level exposures) or through inhalant abuse (i.e., relatively intermittent, high-level exposures) is increasing for many women of reproductive age. Evidence suggests that the risk for pregnancy problems, as well as developmental delays and neurobehavioral difficulties, is higher for the children of women who have been exposed to high concentrations of organic solvents during pregnancy than for those who have not. These risks appear to be higher in cases of abuse exposure to solvents such as toluene, particularly in comparison to the risk for teratogenic outcomes with occupational solvent exposure. Despite this, the reproductive toxicology and teratology following abuse of toluene and other inhalants remains under-investigated. This brief review describes the current state of our understanding of the reproductive and teratogenic risk of gestational toluene abuse. The data to date suggest that the high levels of toluene exposure typical with inhalant abuse are more detrimental to fetal development than typical occupational exposure, and preclinical paradigms can be beneficial for investigating the processes and risks of prenatal solvent exposure. While substantial research has been done on the reproductive effects of occupational exposures to organic solvents, more research is needed on the outcomes and mechanisms of exposures typical of inhalant abuse.

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Section: Neurobehavioral Teratologymentioning

confidence: 97%

Reproductive Toxicology and Teratology of Abused Toluene

Hannigan

Bowen

2010

Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine

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“…There are no reports of schizencephaly identified by ultrasound before 20 weeks' gestation, in contrast to other brain abnormalities arising in the first trimester, such as holoprosencephaly, which has been identified as early as 9 weeks' gestation5–7. The small number of cases so far identified antenatally before 23 weeks' gestation all seem to have arisen from a destructive process8–10, except for one where there were associated abnormalities of the brain stem and cerebellum11. The majority of antenatally diagnosed cases of schizencephaly were recognized after 28 weeks, but it is not clear if the women had high‐quality anomaly scans in mid‐pregnancy, so it remains uncertain at what gestational age the abnormality arose.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The California Birth Defects Monitoring Programme found that it occurred in 1 : 70 000 liveborn children and that only one of 63 cases was suspected prenatally22. In the English literature there have been reports of only 34 cases diagnosed antenatally, in 23 papers8–12, 23–40 (summarized in Table S1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although schizencephaly is described as resulting from a primary malformation of cortical development, it is also reported with destructive processes mediated by vascular injury. These include maternal warfarin 12 and recreational drug 13 use; exposure to organic solvents 10 ; cytomegalovirus infection 14,15 ; death of a cotwin 16 ; following trauma and amniocentesis 17 ; with alloimmune thrombocytopenia 18,19 ; and in association with various syndromes 20,21 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Schizencephaly prevalence, prenatal diagnosis and clues to etiology: a register‐based study

Howe¹,

Rankin²,

Draper³

2011

Ultrasound in Obstet & Gyne

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“…Younger maternal age, maternal stress, exposure to organic solvents, cytomegalovirus infection, death of a cotwin, alloimmune thrombocytopenia, second-trimester amniocentesis, psychoactive drug, and warfarin (Coumadin) use have all been implicated in the etiology of schizencephaly. 9,11,12,13– 16 Dies et al 6 and Howe et al, 4 in their large series, reported that younger maternal age was the most important risk factor for schizencephaly. In our series, the mean maternal age was 28 years, and 2 of the mothers were older than 35 years; thus, the previous inverse correlation between maternal age and incidence of schizencephaly was not supported.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Prenatal Diagnosis and Postnatal Outcome of Schizencephaly

et al. 2014

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The aim of this study was to present our experience with 5 cases of fetal schizencephaly in terms of prenatal diagnostic features, and postnatal outcome. The database of prenatal diagnosis unit was searched for antenatally diagnosed cases with schizencephaly. Maternal characteristics, ultrasonography, prenatal-postnatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and postnatal outcome were noted. Of 5 cases, 2 had definitive prenatal diagnoses on ultrasound and 3 cases were diagnosed by fetal MRI. All cases had cerebral cortical migration anomalies including polymicrogyria, subependymal heterotopia, and lissencephaly, and 2 cases had additional extracranial malformations. Three cases showed regression of the cerebral clefts on follow-up postnatal MRIs. Three cases had moderate to severe psychomotor retardation, and 1 case needed repeated ventriculoperitoneal shunt operation due to hydrocephaly. Prenatal diagnosis of schizencephaly with ultrasonography is not straightforward and required further evaluation with fetal MRI. Additional cerebral anomalies worsen the prognosis of schizencephaly.

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Prenatal diagnosis of schizencephaly after inhalation of organic solvents

Cited by 6 publications

References 12 publications

Reproductive Toxicology and Teratology of Abused Toluene

Reproductive Toxicology and Teratology of Abused Toluene

Schizencephaly prevalence, prenatal diagnosis and clues to etiology: a register‐based study

Prenatal Diagnosis and Postnatal Outcome of Schizencephaly

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