Prenatal diagnosis of adrenal hemorrhage by ultrasonography

Clinical value of serial ultrasonography in the dynamic observation of foetal cystic adrenal lesions

“…10,11 The conditions associated with adrenal haemorrhage are haemoconcentration caused by shock, hypoxia, septicaemia, birth trauma, or stress, and are particularly more frequent in infants of diabetic mothers. 12,13 These cases have been reported in the literature…”

“…The incidence ranges from approximately 1.7 per 1000 of autopsied neonates to approximately 3% of infants undergoing abdominal ultrasonographic screening . The conditions associated with adrenal haemorrhage are haemoconcentration caused by shock, hypoxia, septicaemia, birth trauma, or stress, and are particularly more frequent in infants of diabetic mothers . These cases have been reported in the literature as sometimes occurring as antenatal events, and the postnatal sonographic appearances often confirm this.…”

Prenatal diagnosis of fetal adrenal masses: differentiation between hemorrhage and solid tumor by color Doppler sonography

“…Radiographic evidence of calcification of the adrenal gland, displaying the typical suprarenal curvilinear shape on the first day of life 10 , confirmed the theory that a substantial number of cases of adrenal hemorrhage occur during fetal life, well before delivery. Recently a few cases of prenatal diagnosis have been reported 1,[11][12][13][14] . However, the incidence and the pathogenesis of adrenal hemorrhage in utero are unknown.…”

In Utero Adrenal Hemorrhage Associated with Fetal Distress, Subsequent Transient Neonatal Hypertension, and a Nonfunctioning Ipsilateral Kidney

“…7 Infrequently, antenatal sonography may detect adrenal hemorrhage. 15 " 18 The pathophysiology of in utero adrenal hemorrhage is not fully understood. Currently, this is thought possibly to be a result of increased adrenal blood flow secondary to redistribution of fetal blood toward the central nervous system, heart, and adrenal glands associated with hypoxia.…”