Prenatal Development of the Human Fetal Telencephalon

Judaš, Miloš

doi:10.1007/174_2010_119

Cited by 9 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 638 publications

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“…Second trimester represents the development peak for the human fetal telencephalon (Judaš, 2011). We modeled the global growth trajectories of male and female human fetal brain’s volume and area between 15 and 22 GW, and presented a spatiotemporal template of the fetal brain with temporal models of MR intensity and shape changes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial–temporal atlas of human fetal brain development during the early second trimester

Zhan¹,

Dinov²,

Li³

et al. 2013

NeuroImage

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During the second trimester, the human fetal brain undergoes numerous changes that lead to substantial variation in the neonatal in terms of its morphology and tissue types. As fetal MRI is more and more widely used for studying the human brain development during this period, a spatiotemporal atlas becomes necessary for characterizing the dynamic structural changes. In this study, 34 postmortem human fetal brains with gestational ages ranging from 15 to 22 weeks were scanned using 7.0 T MR. We used automated morphometrics, tensor-based morphometry and surface modeling techniques to analyze the data. Spatiotemporal atlases of each week and the overall atlas covering the whole period with high resolution and contrast were created. These atlases were used for the analysis of age-specific shape changes during this period, including development of the cerebral wall, lateral ventricles, Sylvian fissure, and growth direction based on local surface measurements. Our findings indicate that growth of the subplate zone is especially striking and is the main cause for the lamination pattern changes. Changes in the cortex around Sylvian fissure demonstrate that cortical growth may be one of the mechanisms for gyration. Surface deformation mapping, revealed by local shape analysis, indicates that there is global anterior–posterior growth pattern, with frontal and temporal lobes developing relatively quickly during this period. Our results are valuable for understanding the normal brain development trajectories and anatomical characteristics. These week-by-week fetal brain atlases can be used as reference in in vivo studies, and may facilitate the quantification of fetal brain development across space and time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial–temporal atlas of human fetal brain development during the early second trimester

Zhan¹,

Dinov²,

Li³

et al. 2013

NeuroImage

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“…Postnatal synaptogenesis is not restricted to the neocortical layers I-VI but also continues on the interstitial white matter neurons, which are surviving subplate neurons Judas, Sedmak, Pletikos, & Jovanov-Milosevic, 2010). Thus, there is a considerable postnatal reorganization of cortico-cortical connectivity (for reviews, see Innocenti & Price, 2005;Judas, 2011). For example, during the early postnatal period, in both the rhesus monkey (LaMantia & ) and human brains (for review, see Innocenti & Price, 2005), there is a huge loss of callosal axons in parallel with the major overproduction of cortical synapses.…”

Section: Late Preterm Period (29-34 Pcw)mentioning

confidence: 98%

Development of Structural and Functional Connectivity

Dubois¹,

Kostović²,

Judaš³

2015

Brain Mapping

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Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. GlossaryFiber myelination brain maturational mechanism corresponding to the ensheathment around neuronal axons of oligodendrocytes' processes that form the myelin sheaths. It leads to an increase in the conduction speed of the nerve impulse and progresses from the second part of pregnancy to the end of adolescence with a specific calendar across white matter bundles and cerebral regions.Subplate transient cerebral compartment containing the most differentiated postmigratory neurons, observed between the intermediate zone (fetal white matter) and the cortical plate between 13 PCW and around term age (still observed in the first postnatal months in some frontal association regions). AbbreviationsAF Arcuate fasciculus ALIC Anterior limb of the internal capsule CC Corpus callosum (g/b/s, genu/body/splenium) CG Cingulum (inf/sup, inferior/superior parts) CST Corticospinal tract (inf/mid/sup, inferior/middle/ superior portions) DSI Diffusion spectrum imaging DTI Diffusion tensor imaging DWI Diffusion-weighted imaging EC External capsule EEG Electroencephalography ERP Event-related potentials FA Fractional anisotropy fcMRI Functional connectivity MRI FX Fornix GA Gestational age GM Gray matter iFOF Inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus ILF Inferior longitudinal fasciculus MD Mean diffusivity MRI Magnetic resonance imaging OR Optic radiations PCW Postconceptional weeks SLF Superior longitudinal fasciculus STT Spinothalamic tract T 1 Longitudinal relaxation time T 1 w T 1 -weighted T 2 Transverse relaxation time T 2 w T 2 -weighted UF Uncinate fasciculus w GA Weeks of gestational age IntroductionDuring the early fetal period, there are few axonal pathways and synaptic connections already established in the human brain. Thus, starting with this period, we have a unique opportunity to follow the step-by-step, complex, but sequential development of cerebral connectivity, until all major connections become established in the late fetal (preterm) period. Even though the pathways' connectivity and the cortical circuitry are not fully established yet in preterm newborns, brain regions are organized early on into networks specialized to process sensorimotor and cognitive functions (Mahmoudzadeh et al., 2013). These functional networks further develop, mature, and refine until the end of adolescence. In this article, we aim to describe the early development of connectivity, from the fetal to the postnatal periods, as mapped in postmortem histological studies and in vivo MRI studies of fetuses, newborns, and infants. We successively detail (1) how the structural connectivity first develops, (2) how the white matter pathways then become myelinated and functionally mature, and (3) how functional connectivity emerges in the course of development.

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“…Therefore, we will here only briefly review those aspects of the human subplate which are directly relevant for understanding of our present thesis. As the subplate development in the human brain has also been extensively illustrated in our previous publications (Kostovic and Rakic, 1980, 1990; Kostović and Judaš, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2010; Judaš, 2011), we here provide only a few figures aimed to enhance the understanding of our main argument.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…As the telencephalon and the cerebral cortex represent by far the largest part of the human brain, we here focus on the potential evolutionary role of the transient subplate zone, because it is critically involved in the development of the primate and human cerebral cortex (Bystron et al, 2008) and it reached a peak of its evolutionary prominence in the human brain (Kostovic and Rakic, 1990; Molnár et al, 2006; Rakic, 2006; Bystron et al, 2008). The role of the subplate in the development and plasticity of the cerebral cortex has been already well described in a number of excellent reviews (Allendoerfer and Shatz, 1994; Kostović and Judaš, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2010; Kanold and Shatz, 2006; Molnár et al, 2006; Rakic, 2006, 2009; Bystron et al, 2008; Kanold and Luhmann, 2010; Clowry et al, 2010; Judaš, 2011). Therefore, we will here only briefly review those aspects of the human subplate which are directly relevant for understanding of our present thesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The subplate is the largest transient compartment of the fetal neocortical anlage (see Judaš, 2011, for a comprehensive review). The human subplate develops between 13 and 15 postconceptional weeks (PCW), remains the largest compartment of the neocortical anlage between 15 and 30 PCW, and begins slowly to disappear toward the end of gestation and during the early postnatal period (Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The significance of the subplate for evolution and developmental plasticity of the human brain

Judaš

Sedmak

Kostović

2013

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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The human life-history is characterized by long development and introduction of new developmental stages, such as childhood and adolescence. The developing brain had important role in these life-history changes because it is expensive tissue which uses up to 80% of resting metabolic rate (RMR) in the newborn and continues to use almost 50% of it during the first 5 postnatal years. Our hominid ancestors managed to lift-up metabolic constraints to increase in brain size by several interrelated ecological, behavioral and social adaptations, such as dietary change, invention of cooking, creation of family-bonded reproductive units, and life-history changes. This opened new vistas for the developing brain, because it became possible to metabolically support transient patterns of brain organization as well as developmental brain plasticity for much longer period and with much greater number of neurons and connectivity combinations in comparison to apes. This included the shaping of cortical connections through the interaction with infant's social environment, which probably enhanced typically human evolution of language, cognition and self-awareness. In this review, we propose that the transient subplate zone and its postnatal remnant (interstitial neurons of the gyral white matter) probably served as the main playground for evolution of these developmental shifts, and describe various features that makes human subplate uniquely positioned to have such a role in comparison with other primates.

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Prenatal Development of the Human Fetal Telencephalon

Cited by 9 publications

References 638 publications

Spatial–temporal atlas of human fetal brain development during the early second trimester

Spatial–temporal atlas of human fetal brain development during the early second trimester

Development of Structural and Functional Connectivity

The significance of the subplate for evolution and developmental plasticity of the human brain

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