Prenatal Development of Domestic and Laboratory Mammals: Growth Curves, External Features and Selected References

Evans, Howard E.; Sack, W. O.

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0264.1973.tb00253.x

Cited by 459 publications

(343 citation statements)

References 158 publications

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“…In particular, dermal fibroblasts in collagen gels deposited little or no type VII collagen into the basement membrane zone in the presence of neonatal keratinocytes, but consistently deposited type VII collagen in a linear manner into the basement membrane zone when cultured in the presence of fetal bovine keratinocytes. Thus fetal keratinocytes' possess a stimu-'Based on estimations from crown-rump measurements (Evans and Sack, 1973) fetal bovine skin of 120 to 160 days estimated gestational age was used in this study. Hair follicles were only partially developed, and type VII collagen was deposited linearly a t the dermalepidermal junction in skin from animals of this age (M. P. Marinkovich, personal communication).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular origin of the dermal‐epidermal basement membrane

Marinkovich

Keene

Rimberg

et al. 1993

Developmental Dynamics

230

158

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The basement membrane underlying epithelium of skin is generally believed to be of epithelial origin, but a mesenchymal contribution to the basement membrane has not been directly examined. The purpose of this study was to directly evaluate both epithelial and mesenchyma1 contributions to the basement membrane. Fetal bovine keratinocytes cultured on the surface of collagen gels in the absence of fibroblasts did not produce an ultrastructurally recognizable basement membrane; however, when these cells were cultured in the presence of dermal fibroblasts a basement membrane at the keratinocyte-fibroblast interface was produced after 1 week which was very similar in biochemical composition and ultrastructural appearance to dermal-epidermal basement membrane in human skin. When dual species cultures of bovine keratinocytes and human fibroblasts were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescent microscopy (IF), with human specific antibodies against basement membrane components, dermal fibroblasts were shown to synthesize and deposit type IV collagen, type VII collagen, and laminin in a linear manner into the basement membrane zone. Fetal bovine keratinocytes cultured in the presence or absence of fibroblasts synthesized and deposited type IV collagen, type VII collagen, laminin, K-laminin, kalinin, and basement membrane associated heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) into the underlying basement membrane zone. In organ culture, a subpopulation of fibroblasts initially migrating from human foreskin explants was found to stain strongly for types VII and IV collagen and laminin by IF whereas after subculture all cells showed a uniform low staining. Based on these observations we propose that differentiated fibroblasts exist adjacent to epithelial tissues in vivo which produce basement membrane components and assist in basement membrane assembly. 0 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular origin of the dermal‐epidermal basement membrane

Marinkovich

Keene

Rimberg

et al. 1993

Developmental Dynamics

230

158

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“…Pig foetuses (PF) (90 to 115 days of gestation) were obtained from a local slaughterhouse. Their ages were estimated by measuring the crown-rump lengths (Evans and Sack, 1973). Postnatal pigs from different days of age (d0, d3, d10 and d28) were collected at a local farm from multiparous sows (Finnish Yorkshire × Belgian Landrace) and transferred within 30 min to the laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology.…”

Section: Animals and Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteric and serological distribution of serotonin and its precursor tryptophan in perinatal low and normal weight piglets

Willemen

Che

Dewilde

et al. 2014

Animal

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Perinatal mortality is high among small-for-gestational age (SGA) piglets and continues to be an economic burden and threat to animal welfare. As the physiological role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in perinatal development and gastrointestinal function in the pig remains unknown, the aim of this study was to assess the enteric distribution of 5-HT cells and to determine 5-HT together with its precursor tryptophan in the serum of perinatal normal and SGA piglets. For this purpose, proximal and distal parts of the small intestine (SI) were processed for immunohistochemical analysis to assess the presence of 5-HT endocrine cells. Serum 5-HT was measured with ELISA, whereas its precursor, that is, the free fraction of tryptophan (FFT) together with albumin-bound tryptophan and total tryptophan, were analysed with HPLC in postnatal piglets. In addition, the morphological growth patterns of the different intestinal tissue layers of both normal and SGA piglets were stereologically analysed. The stereological volume density of 5-HT enteroendocrine cells showed a significant interaction effect between age and region. Indeed, the amount of 5-HT cells in both the proximal and distal part of the SI tended to decrease according to age, with the lowest values detected at day 3 postpartum. No differences could be observed related to BW. Interestingly, the serum concentration of 5-HT was higher in normal piglets compared with SGA piglets. Moreover, the ratio of FFT to total tryptophan was significantly affected by age and BW. Normal piglets had, on average, a lower FFT/total tryptophan ratio compared with SGA piglets. An approximate linear decrease was observed with increasing age. Finally, the immaturity of the intestinal system of the SGA piglets was not reflected in altered volume densities of the different intestinal layers. To conclude, although no BW effect could be detected in the distribution of enteric 5-HT cells, serum 5-HT and the ratio of FFT to total tryptophan ratio showed significant differences between normal piglets and their SGA littermates.Keywords: low birth weight, pig, serotonin, serum, small intestine ImplicationsThe use of hyperprolific sows in the pork industry increases the prevalence of prenatal growth-restricted piglets, characterised by reduced survival rates. Serotonin is prominently present in the gastrointestinal system and regulates feeding behaviour and BW. This study investigated the enteric distribution of serotonin cells and the concentration of this hormone along with its precursor tryptophan in the serum of perinatal SGA and normal littermates. These results -combined with the morphological analysis of the small intestine -will give insight into the endocrine programming and morphological adaptations of the small intestine of SGA piglets.

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“…The fetal specimens (estimated age: 75 days of gestation, mean weight: 375 g) were obtained from commercially slaughtered sows and their age was estimated from the mean weight of the litter using growth curves. 9 The newborn specimens (approximately 112-115 days post conception, mean weight: 1351 g) were acquired from the experimental farm of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Utrecht, the Netherlands, and were euthanized by an intravenous overdose of ketamine (Narcetan) after premedication. The experiments have been approved by the Committee for Animal Experimentation of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht, the Netherlands.…”

Section: Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Mineralization on Intratrabecular Stress and Strain Distribution in Developing Trabecular Bone

et al. 2007

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Abstract-The load-transfer pathway in trabecular bone is largely determined by its architecture. However, the influence of variations in mineralization is not known. The goal of this study was to examine the influence of inhomogeneously distributed degrees of mineralization (DMB) on intratrabecular stresses and strains. Cubic mandibular condylar bone specimens from fetal and newborn pigs were used. Finite element models were constructed, in which the element tissue moduli were scaled to the local DMB. Disregarding the observed distribution of mineralization was associated with an overestimation of average equivalent strain and underestimation of von Mises equivalent stress. From the surface of trabecular elements towards their core the strain decreased irrespective of tissue stiffness distribution. This indicates that the trabecular elements were bent during the compression experiment. Inhomogeneously distributed tissue stiffness resulted in a low stress at the surface that increased towards the core. In contrast, disregarding this tissue stiffness distribution resulted in high stress at the surface which decreased towards the core. It was concluded that the increased DMB, together with concurring alterations in architecture, during development leads to a structure which is able to resist increasing loads without an increase in average deformation, which may lead to damage.

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Prenatal Development of Domestic and Laboratory Mammals: Growth Curves, External Features and Selected References

Cited by 459 publications

References 158 publications

Cellular origin of the dermal‐epidermal basement membrane

Cellular origin of the dermal‐epidermal basement membrane

Enteric and serological distribution of serotonin and its precursor tryptophan in perinatal low and normal weight piglets

The Influence of Mineralization on Intratrabecular Stress and Strain Distribution in Developing Trabecular Bone

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