Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to Air Pollution and Child Attentional Function at age 4-5 years

The association between exposure to environmental factors and the occurrence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A population-based retrospective cohort study

“…On the other hand, several studies of different populations, age ranges, temporal periods, designs, confounding adjustment and exposure assessment (prenatal and postnatal), have found associations between exposure to air pollutants, (e.g. black carbon [17,18] and NO2 [20] ), and noise exposure (as a consequence of traffic [19] ) and some of the ADHD related symptoms. In addition, Perera et al, reported a possible association between prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (motor vehicle exhaust fumes are one of its sources) and ADHD and ADHD related-symptoms, although their results must be treated with caution as there is a possible selection bias [9,10] .…”

“…The fact that it is populationbased allows it to be generalised. Only two of the studies analysed (Min and Min [15] and Sentis et al [20] ) also used data from a population-based cohort. Our second strength is that, in addition to controlling for the observed confounding, we used random effects to control for unobserved confounding.…”

“…Our third strength is that we adjusted for the spatial extra variability inherent in all spatial designs. Only Sentis et al, [20] (by means of Land Use Regression (LUR) models) and Vieira et al, [27] (including a smoother of the location of each child) to some extent controlled for that extra variability.…”

“…The evidence of an association between ADHD and exposure to other traffic-related air pollutants is simply insufficient [13][14][15][16] . Studies have, however, been somewhat more successful in associating air pollutants and some ADHD related symptoms [17][18][19][20] .…”

Associations between solid fuel use and early child development among 3 to 4 years old children in Bangladesh: Evidence from a nationally representative survey

“…Based on prior literature (10,17,20,23,25,32,33), variables that are known to be associated with early child development, such as mother’s characteristics (age, education, and marital status), children’s characteristics (age, sex, size, iodine supplementation, stunting, attendance in early child development education program (ECDEP), caregiver’s stimulation), spatial characteristics (region, urbanicity-urban & rural, seasonality) and household’s characteristics (paternal education, household wealth quintiles, cooking place, types of cookstoves and chimney/fan-is there any chimney/fan if households have solid fuel cookstove) were included as covariates. While breastfeeding status for children aged 3-5 was unavailable, we use stunting as a proxy for nutritional status.…”