Prenatal and Paranatal Factors in the Development of Childhood Reading Disorders

Kawi, Ali A.; Pasamanick, Benjamin

doi:10.2307/1165572

Cited by 44 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…Evidence has been mounting that during every stage in the life cycle, including the prenatal stage, the male organism is more vulnerable to a host of neurological and other developmental diseases (Kawi and Pasamanick 1959;Gadpaille 1972;Ounsted 1972;Stevenson 1966;Singer et al 1968). Male children exhibit significantly more psychiatric symptoms, including learning and reading difficulties and acting-out problems (Pasamanick and Knobloch 1958;Gadpaille 1972;Bronfenbrenner 1970;Maccoby and Jacklin 1974:362).…”

Section: American Anthropologist [ S L 1979mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Myth of Male Superiority: Rise and Demise

Parker

1979

American Anthropologist

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A prolqic literature exists concerning the on'gins and functions of the institutionalixation of sex-role differences. However, persistent problem and sharply divergent views remain. This study attempts to circumvent the naturehurture controversy by utilizing a holisticevolutionary approach to the problem. The reviews of evidence from ethology, developmental psychology, and cross-cultural investigations lead to a social-exchange model involving dqferences in the elasticities of male and female labor contributions in social evolution. Assumptions about future technological progress lead to prediction of the demise of the myth of male supremacy. [sex differences in social evolution, ontogeny of human behavior] INTRODUCTIONDESPITE THE RECENT BURGEONING of literature on gender differences, basic problems remain. Sharply divergent views exist concerning the origins, functions, and persistence of gender differences in socially institutionalized behavior. These range from a "biology-asdestiny" point of view to theories of "cultural conspiracy." A leap from sexual division of labor to attributions of superiority, power, or prestige is frequently tacitly assumed, as if no elaboration is needed. The rapid emergence of data from various academic disciplines warrants further examination of these issues. Disciplinary fragmentation has impeded serious efforts to integrate data from different levels of abstraction. While integration is indeed a difficult endeavor, fragmentation has resulted in only partial explanations and fruitless controversy (e.g., the culture/biology argument). Finally, disciplinary fragmentation, often coupled with personal predilection, has frequently led to exclusive concerns with either cultural universals or variations in gender differences. Obviously, an exclusive focus on either will generate different questions and yield different answers. Here, too, there has been needless argument. This paper seeks to understand the reasons underlying the existence of widespread sexrole asymmetry in human society. To that end, it will be necessary to determine whether there are uniformities in the cross-cultural sexual division of labor and, if such exist, to attempt to understand their origins. Four bodies of data are reviewed: studies of nonWestern societies, evidence provided by nonhuman primates, material from early human ontogeny, and specialized biological studies. These will permit us to present a preliminary formulation of social-exchange theory to account for the institutionalization of asymmetrical sex-linked power and prestige in the development of human society. Given the broad temporal and spatial dimensions of our task, such a formulation can be only tentative and suggestive, rather than definitive. The empirical evidence on which it rests is inferential, rather than direct.Two perspectives have permeated our efforts in this study. The first, an evolutionary perspective, implies that gender differences, whether manifested in biological, psychological, or sociocultural phenomena, are viewed in a histo...

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Section: American Anthropologist [ S L 1979mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Myth of Male Superiority: Rise and Demise

Parker

1979

American Anthropologist

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“…Various aspects of behavior were measured, including neonatal activity and crying (Ottinger & Simmons, 1963, 1964, the occurrence of tics (Pasamanick & Kawi, 1956), reading ability (Kawi & Pasamanick, 1959), temperamental impairment (Stott, 1959), mental deficiency (Pasamanick & Lilienfeld, 1959, and childhood behavior disorders (Pasamanick & Lilienfeld, 1955;Pasamanick, Rogers, & Lilienfeld, 1956). The causal agents involved were, of necessity, generally ill-defined, e .g., "maternal complications" or maternal "anxiety.…”

Section: Archer and Blackmanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal psychological stress and offspring behavior in rats and mice

Archer

Blackman

1971

Developmental Psychobiology

132

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(1971). Prenatal Psychological Stress and Offspring Behavior in Rats and Mice. DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHO-BIOLOGY, 4(3) 193-248. The experimental literature on the behavioral sequelae of prenatal stress in rodents is reviewed, from which few conclusions can be drawn except that some change in activity-reactivity may be induced. Were more careful consideration given t o certain methodologic dimensions, greater clarity of empirical relations could be achieved. These dimensions are: (I) the sex, species, and strain of animal observed; ( 2 ) the specification of the prenatal manipulation; and (3) the precision and completeness of the behavioral description which is the dependent variable studied. Multiple descriptions, as in a test-battery approach, appear t o be inefficient and generally unwarranted. prenatal stress stressors methodology emotionality laboratory rat laboratory mouse

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“…Gesell and Amatruda (1947) include reading disorders in the sequelae of minor cerebral damage. Kawi and Pasamanick (1959) proved that the appearance of dyslexia was influenced by factors which are genetically held to cause encephalopathies in children. Kucera et al (1961) estimated that disorders of reading and writing were the principal symptoms in 10% of cases of postnatal infective lesions (pertu'ssis, encephalitis, morbillosa, Received 13 July 1970. meningitis etc).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%