Premorbid Prevalence of ADHD and Development of Secondary ADHD After Closed Head Injury

Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with unintentional injuries

“…This finding is comparable with a prevalence of ADHD of around 20% found among children with closed head injury 13 . The children who participated in the study did not differ in mean age or gender distribution on the basis of presence or absence of ADHD.…”

“…An association has been found between frequent burns in children and presence of ADHD 12 . A high prevalence of premorbid ADHD has been found among children presenting with moderate to severe closed head injuries 13 . ADHD, as a predisposing factor, has also been linked to traumatic dental injuries 14 .…”

Predicting outcome after childhood brain injury: Figure 1:

“…Accidental injury sustained through misadventure and inflicted injury are both important mechanisms of traumatic brain injury that raise issues of premorbid differences in risk. 40 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity dis order, impulsivity 38,41 and socioeconomic deprivation 42 are overrepresented in populations with traumatic brain injury. Late emotional and behavioural outcomes after traumatic brain injury are modulated by factors independent of the injury and its severity, particularly the social and family milieu to which the child returns.…”

Clinical Trials in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Unique Challenges and Potential Responses

“…The broad spectrum of severity and largely undefined long-term natural history also complicate research by further constraining the number of eligible participants at any specific level of severity and creating uncertainties about appropriate endpoints. Finally, because selected social and medical comorbidities increase the risk of pediatric TBI [25,26] , selection of a comparison group is both required and problematic.…”