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PROBLEMThis research investigated the relationships between a wide variety of pathological states (here defined as the MMPI clinical scales) and intellectual capacities (in this case, the subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) in several groups of schizophrenic and brain-damaged patients. Many attempts have been made to determine whether relationships exist between intelligence and indicators of p ychopathology a-5). These papers have produced a mixture of positive and negatlve results.While the research reviewed has used normal and psychiatric patient groups, few brain-injured patients were included in any of the samples, and no attempt was made to study WAIS-MMPI relationships with exclusively organic samples. Moreover, the authors are unaware of any comparisons of WAIS-MMPI correlations across schizophrenic subgroups despite the presence of many papers (e.@ ( 6 ) ) that suggest that process schizophrenia may be organic in etiology.The present study considered once more the relationships between the MMPI and the WAIS in three organic groups and in four schizophrenic subtype samples.METHOD Subjects and Procedure. The WAIS and MMPI were administered to seven groups of patients, three brain-damaged and four schizophrenic, in conjunction with earlier studies (2* 8, 7). Files of the patients had been checked to rule out mixed diagnoses (e.g., patients whose files contain indications of both brain damage and schizophrenia), Three samples (one each of organics, process schizophrenics and reactive schizophrenics; all N = 40) were from the Veterans Administration Hospital a t Downey, Illinois. Four smaller samples (all N = 22) were obtained from the St. Cloud, Minnesota, Veterans Administration Hospital. These included recentadmission and old-admission schizophrenic and brain-damaged subgroups. Further details on the samples are available elsewhere(2* 3 -').Coefficients of correlations were computed between the 11 WAIS subtests and the MMPI L, F, K, Hs, D, HY, PD, MF, PA, PT, Sc and MA scales. Table 1 lists the hospital of origin, diagnosis, the mean and standard deviation for age and education for each sample, as well as the number of significant ( p < .05, two-tailed) WAIS-MMPI coefficients of correlation for each group. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThere were 36 significant correlations in the schizophrenic groups and 77 among the organics. There were substantially more significant correlations in the samples than would be expected by chance at the .05 level (26.4 for the schizophrenic samples and 19.8 for the brain-injured samples).2 All but 3 of the 36 significant TS among the schizophrenics were negative, which indicates clearly the presence of some general inverse relationship between level of pathology and intellectual function. However, the individual MMPI-WAIS scale combinatlon rs did not cross-validate well enough from group to group to justify more specific conclusions about individual trait-deficit relationships.
PROBLEMThis research investigated the relationships between a wide variety of pathological states (here defined as the MMPI clinical scales) and intellectual capacities (in this case, the subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) in several groups of schizophrenic and brain-damaged patients. Many attempts have been made to determine whether relationships exist between intelligence and indicators of p ychopathology a-5). These papers have produced a mixture of positive and negatlve results.While the research reviewed has used normal and psychiatric patient groups, few brain-injured patients were included in any of the samples, and no attempt was made to study WAIS-MMPI relationships with exclusively organic samples. Moreover, the authors are unaware of any comparisons of WAIS-MMPI correlations across schizophrenic subgroups despite the presence of many papers (e.@ ( 6 ) ) that suggest that process schizophrenia may be organic in etiology.The present study considered once more the relationships between the MMPI and the WAIS in three organic groups and in four schizophrenic subtype samples.METHOD Subjects and Procedure. The WAIS and MMPI were administered to seven groups of patients, three brain-damaged and four schizophrenic, in conjunction with earlier studies (2* 8, 7). Files of the patients had been checked to rule out mixed diagnoses (e.g., patients whose files contain indications of both brain damage and schizophrenia), Three samples (one each of organics, process schizophrenics and reactive schizophrenics; all N = 40) were from the Veterans Administration Hospital a t Downey, Illinois. Four smaller samples (all N = 22) were obtained from the St. Cloud, Minnesota, Veterans Administration Hospital. These included recentadmission and old-admission schizophrenic and brain-damaged subgroups. Further details on the samples are available elsewhere(2* 3 -').Coefficients of correlations were computed between the 11 WAIS subtests and the MMPI L, F, K, Hs, D, HY, PD, MF, PA, PT, Sc and MA scales. Table 1 lists the hospital of origin, diagnosis, the mean and standard deviation for age and education for each sample, as well as the number of significant ( p < .05, two-tailed) WAIS-MMPI coefficients of correlation for each group. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThere were 36 significant correlations in the schizophrenic groups and 77 among the organics. There were substantially more significant correlations in the samples than would be expected by chance at the .05 level (26.4 for the schizophrenic samples and 19.8 for the brain-injured samples).2 All but 3 of the 36 significant TS among the schizophrenics were negative, which indicates clearly the presence of some general inverse relationship between level of pathology and intellectual function. However, the individual MMPI-WAIS scale combinatlon rs did not cross-validate well enough from group to group to justify more specific conclusions about individual trait-deficit relationships.
Distribution of scores on the Bem Sex Role Inventory obtained from 69 randomly selected alcoholics was found not to differ significantly from that reported in normative data (Bem, 1974). Sexually androgynous alcoholics (N = 21), those able to affirm about themselves characteristics ordinarily attributed to both males and females, scored significantly lower on MMPI scales D, PD, PT, and SI and and higher on MA than a nonandrogynous group (N = 21) of alcoholics. The results were discussed in terms of alcoholics varying along psychopathological and nonpsychopathological scales in a manner similar to "normal" Ss.
A tentative formulation suggesting qualitative differences between process and reactive schizophrenics is presented. The cognitive deficit of reactive schizophrenics is seen as due to fragmentation of relatively normal thinking under stress or during acute disturbance (i.e., on admission). The fragmentation is suggested to result from interference due to excessive responsiveness to external stimuli and task demands. The process schizophrenics are viewed as idiosyncratic (underdeveloped) in thinking with their performance hampered by emotional withdrawal and disruption from internal stimuli. Interactions of the process-reactive dimension with stress conditions and institutionalization are inferred, since reactives' performance should vary with stress and time since admission, while process' performance should remain consistently low. Results of 11 studies from the context of the position arc presented.
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