Premenstrual syndrome: new insights into etiology and review of treatment methods

Abstract

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common disorder affecting women of reproductive age, with an estimated global prevalence of 47.8%, with severe symptoms occurring in 3-8%, significantly affecting daily functioning. GABA conductance and changes in neurosteroid levels, particularly allopregnanolone, are suspected to play a substantial role in the disorder’s etiology. In this paper, we provide an overview of recent reports on the etiology and recognized therapeutic approaches, encompassing both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Our examination includes studies on SSRIs, hormonal agents, neurosteroids, supplementation, and therapeutic roles. We aim to determine the most favorable treatment regimen by comparing medication effects and alternative methods. The treatment of PMS is crucial for enhancing the quality of life for affected women. Medications used in PMS treatment should be individually selected to achieve the best therapeutic effect, considering the clinical situation of the patients.

Causal association between telomere length and female reproductive endocrine diseases: a univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization analysis

“…Gene variants related to LTL may specifically participate in the pathophysiological processes underlying menorrhagia, which is often linked to abnormal endometrial proliferation, myometrial anomalies and abnormal uterine artery blood flow, among other related factors > [ 89 , 90 ]. These processes may involve systemic factors such as inflammation, oxidative stress and cellular aging, which are reflected in LTL [ 72 , 91 ] PMS is generally thought to be influenced by fluctuations in GABA conductance and neurosteroid levels [ 92 ], which are often more susceptible to external environment and present transient characteristics, inconsistent with the long-term systemic processes predicted by the telomere biology. And beyond that, considering the close interplay between sex hormones and the aforementioned disorders, as well as their impact on TL and TA, further experiments are required in the future to illustrate the biological mechanisms connecting these factors.…”