Premenstrual Mood Changes: A Guide to Evaluation and Treatment

Hamilton, Jean A.; Parry, Barbara L.; Alagna, Sheryle W.; Blumenthal, Susan J.; Herz, Elisabeth K.

doi:10.3928/0048-5713-19840601-07

Cited by 75 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Of particular concern is the need to specify the severity of symptoms and to demonstrate a change from baseline symptom reporting during the perimenstrual phase. The formulation of diagnostic criteria (12,18,148,149) is an important step in helping to distinguish women who experience regular, severe perimenstrual symptoms from women who show mild changes (for a different approach, see 16,17).…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, since it is rare to find women who have no symptoms during the postmenstrual phase, it seems more reasonable to use the regular exacerbation of symptoms as a diagnostic criterion (10,11). For example, preliminary criteria established at a National Institute of Mental Health Conference recommend that a diagnosis of premenstrual symptom changes be made only when there is a marked change of 30% or more in the intensity of premenstrual symptoms as compared to the intermenstrual phase (12).…”

Section: Definitional Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perimenstrual symptoms: prevalence and risk factors.

Logue¹,

Moos²

1986

Psychosomatic Medicine

180

112

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This article provides an overview of information on the prevalence of perimenstrual symptoms. Overall, at least 40% of women experience some cyclical perimenstrual symptoms. Although most women rate their symptoms as mild, approximately 2%-10% report severe symptoms. Prospective studies of perimenstrual symptoms indicate that retrospective reports are reasonably accurate among women who experience moderate to severe symptoms. However, among the majority of women with few or minimal symptoms, retrospective reports may amplify the cyclicity of variation in comparison to concurrent reports. A variety of risk factors are associated with patterns of symptom reporting and may provide clues to the etiology of perimenstrual symptoms and help to identify women most vulnerable to them. A woman's age and cycle characteristics are predictors of the type and severity of perimenstrual symptoms she experiences. In addition, a history of affective illness may be associated with increased reporting of perimenstrual symptoms. Future research should focus on developing new diagnostic criteria for subtypes of perimenstrual syndromes, exploring positive symptoms and experiences associated with the menstrual cycle, and formulating holistic treatment approaches that view perimenstrual syndromes as psychosomatic conditions.

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Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Definitional Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perimenstrual symptoms: prevalence and risk factors.

Logue¹,

Moos²

1986

Psychosomatic Medicine

180

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…WirzJustice (1995) In women, hormonal changes associated with the reproductive cycle may provoke affective changes in predisposed individuals. Examples include depression associated with oral contraceptives (Parry and Rush 1979), the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (Hamilton et al 1984;Endo et al 1978;Halbreich and Endicott 1985), the postpartum period (Parry and Hamilton 1990), and menopause (Winokur 1973). Sex differences in the rates of depression begin to appear after puberty (Weissman et al 1984;Angold et al 1998), a time of major change in the neuroendocrine reproductive axis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronobiological Basis of Female-Specific Mood Disorders

Parry

Newton

2001

Neuropsychopharmacology

112

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Women have twice the incidence of major depression compared with men. They are prone to develop episodes of depression during times of reproductive hormonal change at puberty, with use of oral contraceptives, during the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle, postpartum and during the perimenopause (see review: Parry 1995a). WirzJustice (1995) In women, hormonal changes associated with the reproductive cycle may provoke affective changes in predisposed individuals. Examples include depression associated with oral contraceptives (Parry and Rush 1979), the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (Hamilton et al. 1984;Endo et al. 1978;Halbreich and Endicott 1985), the postpartum period (Parry and Hamilton 1990), and menopause (Winokur 1973). Sex differences in the rates of depression begin to appear after puberty (Weissman et al. 1984;Angold et al. 1998), a time of major change in the neuroendocrine reproductive axis. From this time onward, women have a greater lifetime risk for major depression than men. Women predominate with respect to unipolar depression (Weissman et al. 1984), the depressive subtype of bipolar illness (Angst 1978), and cyclical forms of affective illness such as rapid cycling manic-depressive illness (Wehr 1984) and seasonal affective disorder (Rosenthal et al. 1984). Furthermore, the risk for major depression in both men and women appears to be increasing in recent generations (Weissman et al. 1984;Klerman and Weissman 1989).The fluctuation of ovarian steroids during specific phases of the reproductive cycle may bear some relationship to the particular vulnerability of women for mood disorders. The ovarian hormones could exert their effects on mood directly or indirectly by their effect on neurotransmitter, neuroendocrine, or circadian systems (McEwen and Parsons 1982;Albers 1981;Albers et al. 1981;Thomas and Armstrong 1989; Parry 1995a,b). Although each of these systems has been implicated in the pathogenesis of depressive illness, the circadian basis of these disorders has received the least attention. We have designed our studies with their particular chronobiological focus because the predisposition of women for major depression has not been investigated systematically with respect to the interaction of Chronobiology, Women and Depression S103 the unique cyclic reproductive neuroendocrine axis in women and circadian physiology. Although chronobiological disturbances have been described in depression (Kripke et al. 1978;Wehr and Goodwin 1980), the characterization of chronobiological disturbances in reproductive-related mood disorders in women remains to be elucidated. Below we review the circadian rhythm abnormalities that we have observed in premenstrual dysphoric disorder, pregnancy and postpartum depression and menopause. As reproductive hormones modulate the synchrony or coherence between different components of the circadian system (Thomas and Armstrong 1989), we hypothesize that these changing hormones during the premenstrual, postpartum and menopausal periods may destabilize circ...

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“…This oversight is confounded by the fact that (a) PMS symptoms do not necessarily subside at the onset of menstruation and, thus, PMS sufferers may be symptomatic at other times of their menstrual cycle (Rubinow & Roy-Byrne, 1984) and (b) menstrual symptoms can vary throughout life, as well as from cycle to cycle (Brooks-Gunn, 1986). In recognizing these facts, a National Institute of Mental Health panel has accordingly recommended that a PMS diagnosis be made only when there is a 30% or more increase in the intensity of symptoms (e.g., depression, anxiety, irritability) in the seven days before menses as compared to the seven days afterwards (Hamilton, Parry, Alagna, Blumenthal, & Herz, 1984). Furthermore, it is recommended that the intermenstrual baseline be set over at least three ovulatory menstrual cycles to permit discrimination of random variability in symptom expression (Rubinow & Roy-Byrne, 1984).…”

Section: Symptom Reportingmentioning

confidence: 99%

PMS in the Workplace: Myth or Method?

Bedeian

Phillips

1998

soc behav pers

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Hardie (1997) purportedly examined the effects of menstrual cycle status and perceived (i.e., self-diagnosed) premenstrual syndrome on work performance. Although research to fill the numerous gaps in our understanding of PMS is encouraged, methodologic imprecision compromises Hardie's findings. Hardie (1997), in an article titled "PMS in the Workplace: Dispelling the Myth of Cyclic Dysfunction," claimed to provide evidence that menstrual cycle status has no effect on female employees' work performance. In doing so, she opened and closed her presentation by referencing our earlier work, published in this journal, in which we (Phillips & Bedeian, 1989) offered that there was yet clear-cut scientific evidence that premenstrual syndrome (PMS) adversely affects workplace behavior. She further stated that we nonetheless held that because most people believe the opposite, "employers should acknowledge PMS as a workplace problem" (p. 97). The purpose of this brief commentary is to (a) correct Hardie's misinterpretation of our work and (b) proffer that, despite Hardie's findings, the question of whether PMS influences job performance remains unanswered. Our aim is not to defend one position or another. Rather, it is to consider methodological inadequacies in Hardie's study design that render her findings problematic. It is our belief that dialogues of this nature are useful for highlighting methodological concerns that have characterized research in this area and, thus, for advancing our knowledge base. ____________

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Premenstrual Mood Changes: A Guide to Evaluation and Treatment

Cited by 75 publications

References 13 publications

Perimenstrual symptoms: prevalence and risk factors.

Perimenstrual symptoms: prevalence and risk factors.

Chronobiological Basis of Female-Specific Mood Disorders

PMS in the Workplace: Myth or Method?

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