Premenstrual Asthma and Symptoms Related to Premenstrual Syndrome

Abstract

A clear link was found between premenstrual asthma and the premenstrual exacerbation of dysphoric symptoms, and certain edematous symptoms such as abdominal and mammary tension as well as a swelling sensation.

A Novel Mathematical Approach to Diagnose Premenstrual Syndrome

“…Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a complex disease to be diagnosed due to its vague psychosomatic presentations [1], and hence it has been included both under the domains of gynecology as well as psychiatry [2]. Based on the clinical studies, diagnostic guidelines have been set by the American College of Gynecology (ACOG) [3] and the American Psychiatry Association [4], but the diagnosis of PMS still remains difficult [5].…”

Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness, Word Descriptors, and Ethnicity: Women with Mild Asthma

“…A more reasonable assumption is that women are more likely to report respiratory complaints since symptom verbalization is more socially acceptable (6,21), whereas for men, it is socially less acceptable to go into a great depth when explaining their physical complaints (7,21). Other possible explanations for gender differences include environmental influences, work settings, and immunological factors (5,7,13,(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)39). How country of origin or childhood exposure to smoking influences BHR across ethnic groups requires further studies.…”

“…First, hormonal factors or monthly variability of these hormones has been correlated with severity of asthma symptoms (4)(5)(6)(7)9). A link has been demonstrated between increased levels of endogenous estrogen as an inflammatory marker for airway inflammation in premenstrual women with asthma and BHR (32)(33)(34)(35)(36). Second, the role of estrogen receptor (ER) isoforms, ER ∝ & ER β , in modulating signaling pathways of airway smooth muscles with inhibition of intracellular Ca 2+ may explain increased premenstrual asthma symptoms (37).…”

“…Unfortunately, data that included menstrual cycle, estrogen level, or birth control usage were not collected. However, collecting this sex-specific data for females is essential to determine the link between BHR and hormonal factors (32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37). Equating hormonal changes as the only major factor for BHR in women is shortsighted since other physiological mechanism are likely involved (13).…”

Monitoring asthma status

“…Another article by Pereira-Vega et al [64] attempted to identify a relation between premenstrual symptoms and asthma. The authors noted abdominal tension and mammary tensions were increased in women with premenstrual asthma and dysphoric-psychiatric symptoms had a clear link with premenstrual asthma [64].…”