Preliminary Study on Selected Markers of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Angiogenesis in Patients with Bladder Cancer

Abstract

In recent years, bladder cancer (BC) has been reported as one of the most commonly occurring cancers among older people, and its detection is still difficult. Therefore, there is a need to search for additional useful markers of disease. Some studies indicate the important roles of inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) in bladder tumour pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to examine the levels of selected markers of OS, inflammation and angiogenesis in blood plasma/serum samples derived from patients with BC, and a healthy control group. Moreover the degrees of change and strength of correlation between values of the analysed markers and tumour stage or grade were estimated. Concentrations of: malondialdehyde (MDA) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and total antioxidant status (TAS) divided into slow (TAS-s) and fast (TAS-f) antioxidants (spectrophotometric measurement), angiogenin (ANG) (immunoenzymatic method) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (immunoturbidimetric method) were determined in both the studied groups. The majority of values of the examined parameters were significantly higher among patients, while subfractions of TAS were significantly lower in comparison to the control group. Moreover, different values and different strengths of correlation between the examined parameters and cancer stage or grade were noticed. The most significant changes for CRP were observed in T2 and for MDA in G3, while the lowest TAS-f activity was revealed in G1 patients. Increased values of OS parameters, angiogenesis and inflammation markers, in combination with reduced TAS subfractions activity in BC are important in its pathogenesis and will be helpful in estimation of patients' condition.

Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level as a potential biomarker of cancer progression for patients with bladder cancer

“…The MDA serum level reflects free-radical cell damage. The results of our study showed that the MDA serum level in Ta, T1, and T2-T4 group was significantly higher than the MDA level in the control group, a finding compatible with the results of several studies [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. The MDA levels of the patients in T1 and T2-T4 groups were significantly higher than in the Ta group, whereas the MDA serum levels between the T1 and T2-T4 groups were not statistically significant.…”

“…ROC curve analysis suggested that serum MDA levels could serve as a potential biomarker in the differentiation of cancer grade, as well as cancer progression potential. A recent study performed by Sawicka et al showed that serum MDA level had the highest growth in the G3 group compared with controls, and among Ta, T1, and T2, the MDA level increased against the control by a similar percentage [17]. Unlike this, Yalcin et al reported the growth of MDA concentrations among G1 and G2 patients [14].…”

“…Many studies are examining the LPO and antioxidant enzyme activities in cancerous bladder tissue, which suggest that oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the carcinogenesis of bladder cancer [5,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. LPO in biological membranes has structural and dynamical effects, such as an increase of permeability, a decrease of the bilayer thickness, or modifications in the lipid membrane order and fluidity [20].…”

Plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances predicts survival in chemotherapy naïve patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma

“…Lipids are major components of cell membranes and play an important role in cell membrane stabilization and signal transduction [ 12 ]. Lipid peroxidation defined as oxidative deterioration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), is a process, which can damage DNA and help in cancer development [ 13 ]. Reactive aldehydes such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, acrolein, and malondialdehyde (MDA), can affect cell proliferation through formation of DNA-DNA or DNA-protein crosslinks, which can result in replication errors, mutations and genomic instability, if not repaired before DNA replication process [ 14 ].…”

In vivo and ex vivo impact of nutritional xenobiotics – acrylamide and sodium nitrates – on plasma antioxidant properties

“…The measurement of total SH concentration reflects the antioxidant capacity of blood plasma, but it is also a good indicator of oxidative damage to proteins in different diseases such as diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, cancers, fertility disorders and others. Additionally it is applied as a marker of exposure to certain xenobiotics [1,5,6,7]. Estimating the biochemical and health effects of exposure to different xenobiotics is very important but relatively difficult due to chronic exposure, the low, often subminimal concentrations of xenobiotics, and their different sources as well as their multi-faceted mechanisms of action [8,9].…”