Preliminary Study on Effects of the Process Parameters on Mechanical Properties in Liquid Holographic Volumetric Additive Manufacturing Process

Abstract

The momentum of the additive manufacturing research is on a spurt. Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing process has been attracting the attention of the manufacturing community worldwide over the past decade. The 3D printing technology promises significant advances and applications in the area of automobiles, electronics, and medical devices and so on. However, this technology currently suffers from several limitations including large time consumption, need for support structures and limited range of material selection. This prevents its application in mass production. Holographic 3D printing, also referred to as (volumetric additive manufacturing) process is a very recent technique which uses multiple light beams intensified to form a build volume. A photosensitive liquid resin is solidified using the principle of constructive interference. The single light beam is not enough to produce the required intensity to cure the resin. While the combined interference could generate the required energy. The resulting part is printed in a fraction of seconds at once in contrast with the traditional 3D printing technology. This research studies the feasibility of a novel holographic volumetric additive manufacturing with an ultraviolet source of 365 nm as the primary source of energy. This propels the polymeric photochemical reaction between the monomer molecules. Also, experiments are conducted, incorporating various viscosity levels of the photopolymer material to suppress the oxygen dissolution. At the same time to observe the rate of curing of the photopolymer material. Finally, the mechanical properties of the build volume are analyzed.

Kinetic Comparison of Photocatalysis with the Photo-Fenton Process on the Removal of Tetracycline Using Bismuth-Modified Lanthanum Orthoferrite Nanostructures

“…Notably, the incorporation of Bi into the lattices led to a reduction in the agglomeration and this is expected to contribute to better catalytic performance for doped samples. 6 Visible pores were also observed in the surface morphology studies, which were generated due to the rapid production of a substantial volume of gas during the combustion process. To comprehend the elemental composition of the doped catalysts, an energydispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) spectrum was obtained for the LFO-Bi5 catalyst, with the results presented in Figure S1 and Table S1.…”

“…38 As the band structure in perovskites is primarily influenced by the B-site element and oxygen, changes in bond length can modify the band structure. 6 Consequently, these vacancies and modified energy levels have the potential to trap photoinduced charge carriers and inhibit their recombination. The LFO-Bi5 sample, with the lowest PL peak intensity, implies an effective charge carrier separation, indicating its potential for enhanced photocatalytic degradation.…”

“…These images depict the formation of agglomerated sphere-like nanoparticles. Notably, the incorporation of Bi into the lattices led to a reduction in the agglomeration and this is expected to contribute to better catalytic performance for doped samples 6. Visible pores were also observed in the surface morphology studies, which were generated due to the rapid production of a substantial volume of gas during the combustion process.…”

“…So far, various techniques have emerged to treat these pollutants, including adsorption, nanofiltration, ozonation, reverse osmosis, and biological treatments. 6 Although these methods are useful for the removal of TC in an aqueous medium, they do exhibit notable downsides regarding high cost, significant energy consumption, sludge formation, and, most importantly, the potential for secondary contamination. To answer all these drawbacks, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are a widely accepted technology for treating these recalcitrant pollutants due to their ability to generate highly reactive radicals to chemically oxidize the targeted contami- nates without causing secondary pollution.…”

“…20−22 Additionally, it can serve as a suitable heterogeneous Fenton catalyst due to the redox center Fe 3+ ↔ Fe 2+ . 6 The concentration of Fe also plays an important role in the photocatalytic activity of the catalyst. In their study, Nada et al 23 synthesized zinc combined with iron nanofibers at different Zn/Fe molar concentrations and identified a 1:2 ratio as suitable for effective degradation performance.…”