Preliminary Study on Biosensor-Type Time-Temperature Integrator for Intelligent Food Packaging

Abstract

A glucose biosensor was utilized as a platform for the time-temperature integrator (TTI), a device for intelligent food packaging. The TTI system is composed of glucose oxidase, glucose, a pH indicator, and a three-electrode potentiostat, which produces an electrical signal as well as color development. The reaction kinetics of these response variables were analyzed under isothermal conditions. The reaction rates of the electrical current and color changes were 0.0360 ± 0.0020 (95% confidence limit), 0.0566 ± 0.0026, 0.0716 ± 0.0024, 0.1073 ± 0.0028 µA/min, and 0.0187 ± 0.0005, 0.0293 ± 0.0018, 0.0363 ± 0.0012, 0.0540 ± 0.0019 1/min, at 5, 15, 25, and 35 °C, respectively. The Arrhenius activation energy of the current reaction (Eacurrent) was 25.0 ± 1.6 kJ/mol and the Eacolor of the color reactions was 24.2 ± 0.6 kJ/mol. The similarity of these Ea shows agreement in the prediction of food qualities between the electrical signal and color development. Consequently, the function of the new time-temperature integrator system could be extended to that of a biosensor compatible with any electrical utilization equipment.

An Intelligent IoT-Based Food Quality Monitoring Approach Using Low-Cost Sensors

“…The quality and safety of vacuum foods are strongly influenced by temperature, making the monitoring of time-temperature history throughout the entire distribution chain compulsory. Commercially available monitoring devices include temperature data loggers, time-temperature integrators (TTIs), smart radio frequency identification (smart-RFID), and others [29]. In [27,28], intelligent packaging is conventionally defined as a method by which the package, product and its environment combine to increase shelf life, improve food safety or organoleptic quality, and simultaneously preserve the overall quality of food.…”

“…The quality and safety of vacuum foods are strongly influenced by temperature, making the monitoring of time-temperature history throughout the entire distribution chain compulsory. Commercially available monitoring devices include temperature data loggers, time-temperature integrators (TTIs), smart radio frequency identification (smart-RFID), and others [29].…”

Smart monitoring of gas/temperature changes within food packaging based on natural colorants

“…On the other hand, it has been well reported that natural colorants similar to other natural additives, in addition to improving the organoleptic properties of the product, can enhance the nutritional value and F I G U R E 6 Different natural food colorants and their E numbers health-promoting effects of food products (Balbinot-Alfaro et al, 2019b;Biji et al, 2015;Koskela et al, 2015;Puligundla et al, 2012). Also, in many countries and communities, there are strict legislation and restrictions on the use of food additives, including dyes; these regulations determine the source, the purity, and the type of colorants that may be used, ADI, and to which food and at what level they may be added (Heising et al, 2014;Mijanur Rahman et al, 2018). Carocho et al (2014) reported that the use of natural colorants in food products has increased; also, applying biocolorants are the usual marketing trend because of the consumers' concern about the safety of synthetic dyes (Mataragas, Bikouli, Korre, Sterioti, & Skandamis, 2019).…”

Enhancing Pharmaceutical Packaging through a Technology Ecosystem to Facilitate the Reuse of Medicines and Reduce Medicinal Waste

“…Computer vision based on computational intelligence can replace the human judgment for TTI result recognition but a complicated setup is needed. Mijanur Rahman et al [46] enhanced the TTI concept using biosensors enabling the detection of the sensing results through a digital interface.…”

“…Quality (i) storage temperature monitoring: passive TTI [43][44][45] (ii) storage temperature monitoring: active TTI with digital interfaces [46] (iii) thin-film technology: printed sensors and RFID tags [47][48][49][50] (iv) thin-film technology: hybrid printed circuits [51,52] (v) thin-film technology: nanotechnology [53][54][55] (vi) contamination detection: PT/GC/MS methodology [56,57] (vii) contamination detection: computer vision [58] (viii) contamination detection: tamper-evident check [59,60] (ix) motion detection: wearable sensors [63,64] (x) expiry date detection: visual inspection [66] (xi) expiry date detection: QR codes and smartphones [67] (xii) on packaging display: e-ink displays [68] and EC displays [69,70] Safety (i) tamper-proof: tamper-evident and tamper-resistance on packaging [71][72][73]75] (ii) tamper-proof: tamper-evident for transportation [74] (iii) tamper-proof: implementation during production [23,76] (iv) tamper-proof: built-in digital interfaces [77,78] (v) anti-counterfeit: overt/covert indications [80][81][82] (vi) anti-counterfeit: packaging materials inspection [83][84][85] (vii) anti-co...…”