Preliminary study of analyzing mucosal human papillomaviruses in cutaneous warts by restriction fragment mass polymorphism

Abstract

Cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) types 1, 2, 4, 7 and 57 are reportedly found in cutaneous warts. However, there are few reports that have investigated the prevalence of mucosal HPV types in cutaneous warts. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of mucosal HPV types in patients with cutaneous warts and to determine any association between HPV types and patient characteristics. We analyzed 62 wart samples that were taken from patients who were diagnosed with cutaneous warts, and 30 normal skin samples were used as negative control. We recorded the following characteristics: sex, age, type of warts, duration of warts, number of warts and patient's immune status. A matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS)-based restriction fragment mass polymorphism (RFMP) assay was used for HPV genotyping. Of the total 62 wart samples, 50 samples (81.6%) were positive for HPV genotypes. All of the negative controls (30 samples) using normal skin showed negative reaction. Mucosal HPV types (49 samples, 84.4%) were highly detected, and high- or probable high-risk HPV types (39 samples, 67.2%) were more common than lower risk HPV types (10 samples, 17.2%). A statistically significant association was observed between sex, age, duration of warts and the risk of HPV types. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use the RFMP assay to analyze cutaneous wart-associated mucosal HPV types. The high prevalence of high-risk and probable high-risk HPV in this study is of great significance.

Prevalence of HPV Genotypes in Adult Male Patients with Cutaneous Warts: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…In around 43% of our patients, warts were found in clusters of ≥5, and they caused inconvenience to most patients. These findings are also in agreement with previously published studies [14,19].…”

“…Another interesting finding was that a large number of patients had had warts for < 6 months. Park et al [19] and Bruggink et al [14] showed that the majority of their patients had had warts for ≥6 months, and Hogendoorn et al [18] showed that the longer the warts had been present, the less likely HPV DNA was detected. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in the clinical and morphological presentation of warts between HPV27b and HPV57c infections, a finding that is in agreement with Hogendoorn et al [18], who showed that more HPV27-infected warts were found in the plantar region.…”

Mass Spectrometry Genotyping of Human Papillomavirus Based on High-Efficiency Selective Enrichment of Nanoparticles

“…So far, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)-PCR-restriction fragment mass polymorphism (RFMP) has been demonstrated to be a high-throughput and economical method. MALDI-TOF MS can be applied in the detection of oligonucleotides, such as DNA methylation and single-nucleotide polymorphisms, , as well as alternative splicing , and analysis of allele-specific expression. , However, HPV genotyping via MALDI-TOF MS RFMP analysis was limited by the tedious separation and purification by conventional slab gel electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography. In addition, concentration of analyte is too low to be detected through MS, which may draw wrong conclusion.…”

Human Papillomavirus Genotyping in Cutaneous Warts of Koreans by Sequencing

“…Among the 62 wart samples tested, mucosal HPV (84.4%) was majorly present, most of them belonged to the high-risk HPV (67.2%). [ 3 ] Therefore, in this study, attempts were made to detect the type of HPV through different methods and to confirm the presence of the high-risk HPV.…”