Preliminary Safety Evaluation of Bamboo Pyrolysis Products: Charcoal and Vinegar

Abstract

The bamboo charcoal is manufactured in earth kilns with the temperature at 700-800°C from Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla). Bamboo vinegars, by-products of the charcoal, are collected from the chimney outflow of earthen kiln at six different temperatures at 80-150°C, and with categories over 80, 90-92, 99-102, 120-123, and 145-150°C during the pyrolysis of the charcoal. The preliminary safety evaluation using the Ames test for the bamboo charcoals has no cytotoxicity and mutagenicity toward Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 with S9 mix and without S9 mix. This suggests that the charcoal can not only be considered to be a safe pigment for food but also be used as a natural moisture-proof material. The safety of the bamboo vinegars shows that neither cytotoxicity nor mutagenicity toward S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 with S9 mix at the diluting percent content of vinegars is lower than 20.00% or less and without S9 mix is at 33.33% or less, and the reverse mutation assay (antimutagenic activity) denotes that the vinegars express this dose-dependent inhibitory effect against both 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide and aflatoxin B 1 in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100. The main compounds in the vinegars may partially account for the safety evaluation of biological action.

Advanced thermo-chemical treatment of waste Bambusa Vulgaris for sustainable resource recovery

“…Most of the previous studies have been carried out using lab scale experimental set-ups [9,[15][16][17]. In this study, pyrolysis of bamboo (Bambusa Vulgaris) was conducted in semi-pilot rotary kiln reactor.…”

Characterization of Indonesian Bamboo Charcoal for Enhanced Adsorption Capabilities

“…In 2001, the production of activated carbon reached 30,161 tons per year, while the export volume amounted to 11,834 tons. Large countries such as the United States have a per capita demand of 0.4 kg per year, while in Japan, it ranges from 0.2 kg per year (Suryandari and Kusuma, 2021) Activated charcoal can be obtained from various sources, for example from coconut shells (Akinlabi et al, 2017), coconut husk, coal (Kumar et al, 2021), bamboo (Chien and Fujimoto, 2017;Lin and Lin, 2018), rice husks (Van, Thuy and Thi, 2014), plant seeds (Ogungbenro et al, 2017) and others. Recently, activated charcoal in general is used around 300.000 tons/year.…”