Preliminary Results of a System-theoretic Assessment of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships’ Safety

Wróbel, Krzysztof; Krata, P.; Montewka, Jakub

doi:10.12716/1001.13.04.03

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…STPA has been widely used in various industries and sectors such as aviation, aerospace, defense, nuclear power plants, oil and gas industries, automobiles, cybersecurity, and so on, and this method has been gaining interest and application in the maritime domain recently [66], especially for the hazard analysis of autonomous ships. For instance, Wróbel et al [67] applied STPA to develop and analyze a preliminary model of autonomous ships. Banda et al [68] presented a systematic hazard management process for the concept design of autonomous ships using STPA.…”

Section: Hazard Analysis For Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study on Identification of Development Status of MASS Technologies and Directions of Improvement

Chae

Kim²,

Kim

2020

Applied Sciences

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The introduction of the maritime autonomous surface ship (MASS) to the maritime industry will open up a new era and bring about a new paradigm shift in terms of cost efficiency, maritime accidents, and human resources. Various studies are currently being conducted to realize the MASS. Understanding the scope and direction of these studies will be of great help for future MASS research. In this study, the current development status of technologies for autonomous ships is identified, and considerations and directions of improvement are suggested for six major research fields that cover all technological issues of MASS. Firstly, the results of the regulatory scoping exercise (RSE) on the International Maritime Organization (IMO) conventions to accept MASSs are identified; in particular, human elements are identified as vital issues to be considered for the design and operation of MASSs. Secondly, various studies on the decision-making system are identified, and the future direction is suggested. Thirdly, in terms of ship design and propulsion system, design changes for autonomous cargo ships are investigated, with their potential impacts to be considered. Fourthly, the communication system will need to be robust and supported by multiple systems to minimize potential risk with third-party infrastructures, and suitable protection of systems, networks, and data will be required as an integral part of the safety system for cybersecurity. Fifthly, issues of maintenance and repair are identified, with a maintenance strategy to be considered. Lastly, hazard analysis of the autonomous ship is explored, and system-theoretic process analysis (STPA) and the functional resonance analysis method (FRAM) are identified as the most representative new methods that can be used for hazard analysis of autonomous ships.

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Section: Hazard Analysis For Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study on Identification of Development Status of MASS Technologies and Directions of Improvement

Chae

Kim²,

Kim

2020

Applied Sciences

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“…Sea or oceangoing vessels of sizes comparable to contemporary transport ships are usually not included in this group. The latter have been generally referred as MASS, following the research presented in [7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Correspondingly, the use of machine learning and deep learning artificial intelligence (AI) techniques as a means to integrate multiple sensor modalities into a cohesive approach to navigation Sensors 2020, 20, 2075 3 of 25 for autonomous ships was presented in [13]. Finally, a System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) was applied in the research presented in [11] in order to develop and analyse a preliminary model of the unmanned shipping system and elaborate safety recommendations for future developers of the actual system. The conclusion was that STPA-like software is likely to have much greater influence on future autonomous ships' safety performance than it has on contemporary merchant vessels.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrity Concept for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships’ Position Sensors

Zalewski

2020

Sensors

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The primary means for electronic position fixing currently in use in majority of contemporary merchant ships are shipborne GPS (Global Positioning System) receivers or DGPS (Differential GPS) and IALA (International Association of Lighthouse Authorities) radio beacon receivers. More advanced GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) receivers able to process signals from GPS, Russian GLONASS, Chinese Beidou, European Galileo, Indian IRNSS, Japan QZSS, and satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS), are still relatively rare in maritime domain. However, it is expected that such combined or multi-system receivers will soon become more common in maritime transport and integrated with gyro, inertial, radar, laser, and optical sensors, and they will become indispensable onboard maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS). To be prepared for a malfunction of any position sensors, their state-of-the-art integrity monitoring should be developed and standardized, taking into account the specificity of MASS and e-navigation safety. The issues of existing requirements, performance standards, and future concepts of integrity monitoring for maritime position sensors are discussed and presented in this paper.

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“…STPA has also been recently applied to autonomous ships in a number of scientific articles. Wróbel et al (2019) presented a preliminary hazard identification for autonomous ships using STPA. Valdez Banda et al (2019) proposed an STPA-based process to analyse the hazards of autonomous ships operating in the inland waterways and to derive the design options.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards system-theoretic risk assessment for future ships: A framework for selecting Risk Control Options

et al. 2022

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Preliminary Results of a System-theoretic Assessment of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships’ Safety

Cited by 11 publications

References 26 publications

A Study on Identification of Development Status of MASS Technologies and Directions of Improvement

A Study on Identification of Development Status of MASS Technologies and Directions of Improvement

Integrity Concept for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships’ Position Sensors

Towards system-theoretic risk assessment for future ships: A framework for selecting Risk Control Options

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