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Jian tea bowls are greatly appreciated not only due to their thick and lustrous black glazes, but also their exquisite streaked and mottled patterns. Researches on the firing process and colouring mechanism of typical hare’s fur and oil spot Jian glazes have continuously been carried out in the past decades; however, there are few reports about other scarce types of black-glazed porcelains excavated from the Jian kiln site. In this work, we report on a multi-technique analysis of the surface and cross-sectional structure, phase, morphology and chemical composition of three rare types of Jian tea bowls (tea-dust-glazed ware, grey-glazed ware and pearl-glazed ware) combining optical and spectroscopic methods such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), optical microscopy (OM), Portable energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), laser-Raman spectroscopy (LRS) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with an X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS). Results revealed that the tea dust glaze was one high-temperature iron-based crystalline glaze, and its glaze was characterized by a transparent glass matrix; irregular pits completely or partially filled by TiO2; and that ε-Fe2O3 and residual quartz were randomly distributed all over the surface, which produced the appearance of tea-dust. The grey-glazed porcelain was fired at a lower temperature in the dragon kiln than that of the traditional hare’s fur and oil spot samples, its glaze contained some residual quartz, and anorthite crystals showed a serried distribution along the thickness. The pearl-glazed porcelain was fired through a secondary glazing process via artificial stippling quartz powder. This work provides guidance for the firing process of three rare types of Jian wares and has not only scientific but also cultural profound significance, which reveals the features of their historical heritage.
Jian tea bowls are greatly appreciated not only due to their thick and lustrous black glazes, but also their exquisite streaked and mottled patterns. Researches on the firing process and colouring mechanism of typical hare’s fur and oil spot Jian glazes have continuously been carried out in the past decades; however, there are few reports about other scarce types of black-glazed porcelains excavated from the Jian kiln site. In this work, we report on a multi-technique analysis of the surface and cross-sectional structure, phase, morphology and chemical composition of three rare types of Jian tea bowls (tea-dust-glazed ware, grey-glazed ware and pearl-glazed ware) combining optical and spectroscopic methods such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), optical microscopy (OM), Portable energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), laser-Raman spectroscopy (LRS) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with an X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS). Results revealed that the tea dust glaze was one high-temperature iron-based crystalline glaze, and its glaze was characterized by a transparent glass matrix; irregular pits completely or partially filled by TiO2; and that ε-Fe2O3 and residual quartz were randomly distributed all over the surface, which produced the appearance of tea-dust. The grey-glazed porcelain was fired at a lower temperature in the dragon kiln than that of the traditional hare’s fur and oil spot samples, its glaze contained some residual quartz, and anorthite crystals showed a serried distribution along the thickness. The pearl-glazed porcelain was fired through a secondary glazing process via artificial stippling quartz powder. This work provides guidance for the firing process of three rare types of Jian wares and has not only scientific but also cultural profound significance, which reveals the features of their historical heritage.
The laser frequency scanning interferometer has several advantages, such as non-contact, high accuracy and low signal to noise ratio in detection. In order to achieve higher resolution of the laser frequency scanning interferometer, increasing the tuning range of the light source and reducing the tuning non-linearity have become the key factors. The commonly used method is to correct the non-linearity of the wide bandwidth external cavity tuning laser by a fiber optical auxiliary interferometer constructed external frequency sampling clock. When using the broadband external cavity tuning laser and the auxiliary interferometer with an optical path difference of 220 m, it is found experimentally that the single-mode fiber dispersion makes the frequency of sampled signals change over time, causing the spectrum to broaden and resolution to decline. This paper has established the dispersion mismatch model which shows that the fiber dispersion of the auxiliary interferometer causes linear chirp frequency changes during the measurement of signals. The linear chirp frequency is proportional to the tuning bandwidth and measured distance. The phenomenon and theoretical model of dispersion mismatch is verified by experiments. The results for targets in the air are shown to linearly decrease as the tuning range increases with the maximum offset of 156.3 µm for the 20 nm tuning bandwidth. The experiment also proves the peak broadening intensifies with increasing distance measured, and thus verifies as the time delay of free space increase, and the peak broadening and distortion also increases. This result means that it will limit the ranging distance and make large errors in measurement result for long distance targets. The dispersion of the auxiliary interferometer should be compensated in the laser frequency scanning interferometer for large-sized high resolution measurements. In this paper, phase dispersion compensation method based on the evolution of peak variation distortion elimination is proposed, by taking the peak amplitude variation as the criterion; the phase compensation can offset the dispersion and improve the resolution. The original signal is multiplied by the complex phase compensation term, then regulating the phase compensation factor, the chirp becomes smaller as the phase compensation factor is approaching the distortion factor. Under the condition that the phase compensation factor is equal to the distortion factor, the chirp is offset. Then, the relationship between the amplitude and the peak FWHM is studied. It is found that the peak FWHM decreases while the amplitude shows a gradually increasing trend. Therefore, the amplitude can be referred to in order to determine whether the peak FWHM reaches the minimum. The resolution for target's peak can be improved by searching for the maximum amplitude of the spectrum and adjusting the phase distortion coefficient. The experiment shows that the peak FWHM of the target is obviously narrowed after dispersion compensation. The peak value becomes close to the theoretical resolution, and the static target at a distance of 975.216254 mm from the laser frequency scanning interferometer is measured. Results show the measurement accuracy of the interferometer is 584 nm. To further verify the accuracy of the laser frequency scanning interferometer, the laser frequency scanning interferometer is compared with the Renishaw laser interferometer in the measurement range of 0692 mm. The standard deviation between them is 4.5 µm. The proposed method is put forward to provide basis for future studies on the large size high resolution laser frequency scanning interferometer.
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