Preliminary report: Accurate assays for anti-HIV in urine

Connell, J.; Parry, John; Mortimer, Philip P.; Duncan, Rosie; McLean, Ken; Johnson, AM; Hambling, M.H.; Barbara, J. A. J.; Farrington, Paddy

doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)91245-6

Cited by 71 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Recently, data indicated that HIV-1-infected subjects contained measurable anti-HIV-1 IgG in urine [Connell et al, 1990;Desai et al, 1991;Constantine et al, 19941. We have previously reported a preliminary study where we successfully detected antibodies to HCV in urine [Constantine et al, 19921.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Application of commercial assays to detect IgG antibodies to hepatitis C virus in urine: A pilot study from autopsy cases

Xiang

Constantine

et al. 1994

Journal of Medical Virology

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV), the main cause of non-A, non-B hepatitis in the United States and possibly in the world, is believed to be transmitted primarily through parenteral exposure. Many screening and supplemental tests are available to detect antibodies to HCV in serum. The ability to use commercial assays to detect antibodies to HCV in urine was investigated in this study. A total of 229 serum/urine matched samples were collected sequentially from forensic autopsy cases examined at the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, State of Maryland. Testing was performed using the Ortho, Innogenetics, and Abbott second generation HCV screening tests and the INNO-LIA HCV Ab supplemental assay. Sample volumes were increased for urine testing. Forty-six of 229 serum samples were positive by screening and confirmed by supplemental tests. The urine samples produced positive results on 44-45 of the same 46 by screening tests and all 46 positives by the supplemental test. There were no false positive samples using urine when compared with the serum pairs. The one false negative sample using urine was still nonreactive when the urine volume was increased to 200 microliters using the screening tests. Generally, five times the serum volume was required for the screening tests to be optimal for urine samples. The urine samples were stored under different conditions prior to testing to determine the influence on antibody stability in urine.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Application of commercial assays to detect IgG antibodies to hepatitis C virus in urine: A pilot study from autopsy cases

Xiang

Constantine

et al. 1994

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…20 In addition, there is ample evidence demonstrating that IgG-class HIV-1 antibodies can be detected in the urine of HIV-1 seropositive and even seronegative patients. [21][22][23][24][25] These antibodies are locally produced and are distinct from urinary loss of serum autoanti-bodies in patients with lupus nephritis. [26][27][28][29] In this report, we show that IgA AMA are present in the urine in patients with PBC.…”

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confidence: 99%

Mucosal Immunity and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: Presence of Antimitochondrial Antibodies in Urine

et al. 2000

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We have shown that IgA-class antimitochondrial autoantibodies (AMA) can be detected in the bile and saliva of patients with PBC, suggesting that AMA are secreted into the luminal fluid across bile ducts and salivary glands. These data prompted us to determine whether AMA of the IgA isotype may be transported across other epithelial mucosa. Therefore, we tested for the presence of AMA in the urine specimens of 83 patients with PBC and 58 non-PBC controls including healthy individuals and patients with other liver diseases. Patients enrolled in this study had no history of renal disease, and we confirmed there was less than 50 g/mL of protein in each of the urine specimens. Interestingly, we found that AMA were present in the urine of 71/83 (86%) of all patients with PBC and in 71/78 (91%) of patients with PBC that were serum AMA positive. In contrast, AMA were not detected in any of the 58 control urine specimens. Of particular interest, AMA of the IgA isotype was present in 57/83 (69%) of patients with PBC, and in 52 of these 57, we found secretory-type IgA. In a nested random subgroup of urine samples, the prevalence of the IgA2 AMA was 6/18 (33%), significantly lower than in matched serum samples, 13/16 (81%, P ‫؍‬ .007). These data show that AMA of the IgA isotype is secreted into urine from the uroepithelium of patients with PBC, and support the thesis that PBC originated from either a mucosal challenge or a loss of mucosal tolerance. (HEPATOLOGY 2000;32: 910-915.)

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“…This test was described by Connell et al [1990] for anti-HIV in urine and was modified for oral fluid, urine, eluates of dried blood in the Virus Reference Laboratory, Health Protection Agency in London in 2000. The assay was performed at the Scientific Institute of Public Health according to the protocol of the Virus Reference Laboratory.…”

Section: Oral Fluid Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral fluid as a medium for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen

Hutse

Verhaegen

Cock

et al. 2005

Journal of Medical Virology

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Currently viral antigens and antibodies are detected by traditional serological tests. However, the introduction of oral fluid as an alternative medium would allow other alternatives. The collection of oral fluid is, in comparison with venepuncture, less invasive, less painful, less expensive (i.e., no trained personal required), and safe (prevention of needle stick injuries). Also large numbers of samples can be collected easily for epidemiological purposes. Forty-three HBsAg positive and seventy-three HBsAg negative paired serum/oral fluid samples were tested. They were collected from patients attending university hospitals. The oral fluid samples were collected using the Oracol collection device and they were subjected to an IgG quantification assay to ensure their quality and quantity. The detection of HBsAg in oral fluid was carried out using a modified ETI-MAK-4 ELISA. The validation of this oral fluid test gave a sensitivity and specificity of 90.7% and 100%, respectively. The modified ETI-MAK-4 ELISA is a suitable test for oral fluid samples collected by the Oracol collection device for epidemiological purposes.

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Preliminary report: Accurate assays for anti-HIV in urine

Cited by 71 publications

References 7 publications

Application of commercial assays to detect IgG antibodies to hepatitis C virus in urine: A pilot study from autopsy cases

Application of commercial assays to detect IgG antibodies to hepatitis C virus in urine: A pilot study from autopsy cases

Mucosal Immunity and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: Presence of Antimitochondrial Antibodies in Urine

Oral fluid as a medium for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen

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