“…One should note that valid developmental measures cannot be assumed to be valid measures of writing proficiency or quality (e.g., Perkins, 1983). The latter are generally based on rating scales such as the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages writing proficiency guidelines (Breiner-Sanders, Swender, & Terry, 2001), which consider the writer's demonstrated ability to control a multiplicity of aspects (e.g., vocabulary, grammar, syntax, and organization) to effectively direct writing to specific audiences in ways that are appropriate for the requirements of the discourse and the target language culture. Pursuant to the goals of developmental index studies, I evaluated syntactic complexity measures as objective indices of ''language development as it is manifested in a written modality'' (Wolfe-Quintero et al, 1998, p. 2), not as indicators of writing proficiency or quality.…”