Preliminary observations on the narcotic effect of xenon with a review of values for solubilities of gases in water and oils

Lawrence, John H.; Loomis, William F.; Tobias, Cornelius A.; Turpin, F. H.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1946.sp004164

Cited by 214 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The circuit is fitted with unidirectional flow valves. 6 Liston-Becker Instrument Co., Stamford, Conn. A CO mixture of known concentration was used to calibrate the infra red gas analyzer for each analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(5), since in this instance our interest is limited to tissue that is exposed to alveolar gas and could become saturated with CO, with a total lung gas volume of 4,000 ml. and a partition coefficient for CO of 0.02 (6), at equilibrium the tissue would contain lv04, X 0.02 or 0.5 per cent of the CO contained in the alveolar gas. Even if the pulmonary tissue equilibrated with the initial alveolar gas concentration and released it at a time when the alveolar CO concentration had decreased to low levels, the increase in the alveolar CO concentration could not be more than 0.5 per cent of the initial value.…”

Section: Fihementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Absorption of Carbon Monoxide by the Lungs During Breathholding 1

Forster¹,

Fowler²,

Bates³

et al. 1954

J. Clin. Invest.

191

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In 1915, M. Krogh reported the use of carbon monoxide in an ingenious technique for the measurement of the pulmonary diffusing capacity in man (1). In her method a maximal inspiration of a gas mixture containing CO was made from residual volume and followed immediately by an expiration of at least one liter of gas. The breath was held at the remaining volume for 6 to 10 seconds, and then a maximal expiration was made. The terminal volumes of the two expirations were considered to be alveolar gas and were analyzed for CO concentration. M. Krogh assumed the CO concentration decayed exponentially and derived the following equation to describe this decay.FA= FAO exp (-DPbt) (1) FA is alveolar concentration of CO (dry) at time t (Krogh's final sample); FAO is the alveolar concentration (dry) at time zero (Krogh's initial sample); "exp" is e, the base of the natural logarithms, raised to the power contained in the brackets following; D is the pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO in ml. STPD/mm. Hg X sec.; VA is the total alveolar gas volume in ml. STPD during the period of breathholding, obtained from a spirometer tracing and from measurement of functional residual capacity; t is time in seconds between the delivery of the two gas samples; and Pb is the total barometric pressure minus 47 mm. Hg. The In order to derive Equation 1, Krogh had to make the following major assumptions: (a) that the CO concentration in the first sample was representative of all alveolar gas; and (b) that the CO tension in the pulmonary capillary5 plasma (P0) was negligible. Although her technique involves delivering two expired alveolar samples, these are actually parts of the same expiration, being separated by the breathholding period. It is now known that these two alveolar samples would not have the same initial CO concentration (2). Furthermore, Roughton has indicated that P0 may not be negligible (3), casting doubt on the validity of the second assumption. Therefore, it was decided to reinvestigate the disappearance of CO from the human lung during breathholding following a single inspiration of a gas mixture containing CO. Recently developed physical methods of gas analysis, in particular mass spectrometry and infrared absorption techniques, were used throughout.At first Krogh's experiments were repeated as she described them (1) and values for the pulmonary diffusing capacity were obtained which agreed with those she reported. However, the calculated value of the pulmonary diffusing capacity varied with the length of time the breath was held, which is incompatible with Equation 1. In order to investigate this phenomenon further, the experimental procedure was modified. Only one expired sample was obtained, and the initial CO concentration (FAO) was computed from the dilution of an insoluble gas (He) contained in the inspired mixture. This obviated the necessity of comparing CO concentration in two different alveolar gas samples, and thereby eliminated the need for Krogh's first premise above. The breath was held for different length...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fihementioning

confidence: 99%

The Absorption of Carbon Monoxide by the Lungs During Breathholding 1

Forster¹,

Fowler²,

Bates³

et al. 1954

J. Clin. Invest.

191

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“…One such factor is the solubility of Xe in blood and tissue. Xe is moderately soluble in blood and tissue; it has an oil/water solubility ratio of 20.0 at 37°C (22). Uptake of Xe into blood and tissue will alter the density of the portion of the ROI that does not contain air.…”

Section: Comparison Of 55 40 and 30% Xementioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of low-xenon and krypton supplementation on signal/noise of regional CT-based ventilation measurements

Chon¹,

Beck²,

Simon³

et al. 2007

Journal of Applied Physiology

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EA. Effect of low-xenon and krypton supplementation on signal/ noise of regional CT-based ventilation measurements. J Appl Physiol 102: [1535][1536][1537][1538][1539][1540][1541][1542][1543][1544] 2007. First published November 22, 2006; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01235.2005.-Xenon computed tomography (Xe-CT) is used to estimate regional ventilation by measuring regional attenuation changes over multiple breaths while rebreathing a constant Xe concentration ([Xe]). Xe-CT has potential human applications, although anesthetic properties limit [Xe] to Յ35%. We investigate effects of lower [Xe], including a low [Xe]-krypton (Kr) combination, on time constant (TC) determination. Six anesthetized sheep were scanned prone and supine using multidetector row CT. Lungs were imaged by respiratory gating during washin of a 30%, 40%, 55% Xe, and a 30% Xe/30% Kr mixture. Using Kr avoids unwanted effects of Xe. Mean TCs, coefficients of variation (CV), and half confidence intervals (CI)/ mean served as indexes of sensitivity to noise. Mean supine and prone TCs of three [Xe] values were not significantly different. Average CVs of TCs increased from 57% (55% Xe), 58% (40% Xe), and 73% (30% Xe) (P Ͻ 0.05: paired t-tests; 30% Xe vs. higher [Xe]). Monte Carlo simulation indicated a CV based on inherent image noise was 8% for 55% Xe and 17% for 30% Xe (P Ͻ 0.05). Adding 30% Kr to 30% Xe gave a washin signal equivalent to 40% Xe. Half CI/mean using the 30% Xe/30% Kr mixture was not significantly different from 55 and 40% Xe. Although average TCs were not affected by changes in [Xe], the higher CV and half CI/mean suggested reduced signal-to-noise ratio at the 30% [Xe]. The 30% Xe/30% Kr mixture was comparable to that of 40% Xe, providing an important agent for CT-based assessment of regional ventilation in humans.washin; regional ventilation measurements; computed tomography; pulmonary imaging; multidetector computed tomography; Monte Carlo simulation; regional lung function SINCE XENON (XE) GAS WAS FIRST introduced by Knipping and coworkers (21) as a contrast material applicable to the assessment of pulmonary function, it has been used extensively in scintigraphy (2, 3, 26), MRI (36), single-photon emission computed tomography (CT) (1), and X-ray CT (10,25,28). Stable (nonradioactive) Xe gas has a K-edge similar to that of iodine and is a potent X-ray attenuator, providing good contrast enhancement when used in conjunction with CT scanning (42). When imaged in a conventional CT scanner, lung attenuation varies linearly with the Xe concentration ([Xe]) in the air spaces (9), and the time course of Xe accumulation in the lung periphery during breathing, measured with serial CT images, is the basis for the Xe-CT measurement of regional ventilation (4, 33).Although Xe is an inert gas, it is moderately soluble in blood and tissue (18) and has been used clinically (7) as an inhaled anesthetic, ϳ30% more potent than nitrous oxide (5, 12, 25).[Xe] values of 30 -50% have been used to measure cerebral blood flow in human studies, but with repo...

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“…[84] Interestingly, Behnke also happened to be the clinician who had studied the anesthetic effects of nitrogen and helium in humans. [85] It was Lawrence et al, [85] who first published experimental data on the general anesthetic effects of xenon with mice as their test subjects. It took clinicians 5 years to put xenon to use in clinical settings, [86] and xenon has continued to be used as a general anesthetic since.…”

Section: From Mice To Menmentioning

confidence: 99%

NMR Hyperpolarization Techniques of Gases

Barskiy

Coffey

Nikolaou

et al. 2016

Chemistry A European J

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Nuclear spin polarization can be significantly increased through the process of hyperpolarization, leading to an increase in the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments by 4-8 orders of magnitude. Hyperpolarized gases, unlike liquids and solids, can be more readily separated and purified from the compounds used to mediate the hyperpolarization processes. These pure hyperpolarized gases enabled many novel MRI applications including the visualization of void spaces, imaging of lung function, and remote detection. Additionally, hyperpolarized gases can be dissolved in liquids and can be used as sensitive molecular probes and reporters. This mini-review covers the fundamentals of the preparation of hyperpolarized gases and focuses on selected applications of interest to biomedicine and materials science.

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Preliminary observations on the narcotic effect of xenon with a review of values for solubilities of gases in water and oils

Cited by 214 publications

References 4 publications

The Absorption of Carbon Monoxide by the Lungs During Breathholding 1

The Absorption of Carbon Monoxide by the Lungs During Breathholding 1

Effect of low-xenon and krypton supplementation on signal/noise of regional CT-based ventilation measurements

NMR Hyperpolarization Techniques of Gases

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