Preliminary Investigation of Cardiovascular–Renal Disorders in Dogs with Chronic Mitral Valve Disease

Abstract

BackgroundVeterinary literature lacks data about cardiovascular–renal disorders (CvRD) and cardiorenal‐anemia syndrome (CRAS) in dogs.HypothesisA direct correlation exists between ACVIM class and IRIS stage; chronic kidney disease (CKD) complicates chronic mitral valve disease (CMVD) more often than does anemia in dogs.AnimalsOne hundred and fifty‐eight client‐owned dogs with CMVD.MethodsSignalment, physical examination findings, electrocardiography, thoracic radiographs, echocardiography, and blood analysis were retrospectively evaluated to assess the prevalence of CKD and anemia in dogs with CMVD and to investigate the relationships among ACVIM class, IRIS stage, and survival.ResultsThe prevalence of CKD and anemia in dogs with CMVD was significantly higher than in the general population of dogs. Dogs being treated for heart failure had a significantly higher prevalence of CKD than did dogs that had not received treatment. A statistically significant direct correlation was found between ACVIM class and IRIS stage. Severe heart disease, severe renal disease or both, furosemide administration, and advanced age at diagnosis of heart disease were associated with shorter survival time. Survival time of dogs affected by CvRD was statistically shorter than survival time of dogs affected by CMVD alone.Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceChronic mitral valve disease is associated with increased prevalence of CKD and anemia in dogs. Treatment for medical management of heart failure may play a role in inducing CKD. Class of heart disease and IRIS stage were directly correlated. Cardiovascular–renal disorders decrease survival time compared to the only presence of CMVD alone, whereas anemia does not play a central role in worsening heart function.

Cardiovascular‐renal axis disorder and acute‐phase proteins in cats with congestive heart failure caused by primary cardiomyopathy

“…In humans, renal dysfunction is an important predictor of heart failure outcome 4‐6 . In dogs and cats, azotemia is consistently seen in patients in CHF, 7‐11 with a higher incidence observed in more advanced disease 9‐11 . Although monitoring renal function is considered crucial in management of CHF, 12 the impact of renal function on CHF outcome has not been well documented in cats.…”

Reliability of symmetric dimethylarginine in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease as kidney biomarker

“…The consensus renamed CRS as "Cardiovascular-Renal Disorder" (CRvD) and defined it as a "disease, toxin or druginduced structural and/or functional damage to the kidney and/or cardiovascular system, leading to disruption of the normal interactions between these systems, to the ongoing detriment of one or both" (Pouchelon et al, 2015). Martinelli et al (2016), reported a 25% prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with hyperazotemia in dogs with MMVD. Moreover, the presence of CKD associated to MMVD in dogs decreases survival time (Martinelli et al, 2016).…”

“…Martinelli et al (2016), reported a 25% prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with hyperazotemia in dogs with MMVD. Moreover, the presence of CKD associated to MMVD in dogs decreases survival time (Martinelli et al, 2016). An early diagnosis of renal impairment in patients affected by cardiovascular disease is therefore very important.…”

Multiple retrospective analysis of survival and evaluation of cardiac death predictors in a population of dogs affected by degenerative mitral valve disease in ACVIM class C treated with different therapeutic protocols

“…The clinical records were selected according to the following inclusion criteria: complete clinical findings including signalment, history, physical examination, thoracic radiographs, electrocardiogram (ECG) and a diagnosis of DMVD ACVIM class C based on echocardiographic, and Doppler evaluation associated with clinical signs (increased resting respiratory rate, cough, dyspnoea, ascites) [17]. In all subjects the presence and severity of PH were evaluated, based on the TRV.…”