Preliminary Investigation of Building Strategies of Maraging Steel Bulk Material Using Wire + Arc Additive Manufacture

Xu, Xin; Ding, Jialuo; Ganguly, Saibal; Diao, Chenglei; Williams, Stewart

doi:10.1007/s11665-018-3521-5

Cited by 60 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The results revealed that the molding was good when the WFS/TS ratio was in a certain proportion of 15. Similarly, Xu et al [13] researched the process region of maraging steel by CMT single-pass deposition, the results indicated that when WFS and WFS/TS ratio were greater than 6 m/min and 20, respectively, the forming was acceptable.The CMT plus Pulse (CMT+P) process is developed by adding pulse into CMT welding, which realizes alternating transition between CMT and pulse during welding [7], and the heat input can be adjusted freely. In addition, the CMT+P process can refine the droplet by pulse, which could effectively reduce the number and size of porosity [14].…”

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confidence: 94%

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confidence: 94%

“…Although the increasing heat accumulation makes grain coarse and slight decreases mechanical property, the highest deposition rate can be up to 5.4 kg/h, when wire feeding speed and travelling speed are 5 m/min and 120 cm/min, respectively, and the tensile strength and elongation rate of which can reach the basic standard requirements for stainless-steel forgings.Wire feeding speed is important to the final quality of the product [9,10]. The relationship between wire feeding speed (WFS) and travelling speed (TS) has a great effect on the deposited morphology [11][12][13]. Gomez Ortega et al [11] studied the influence of speed and power on the forming of single welding and multilayer deposition walls by CMT process, and then concluded that gradually increasing TS could realize the uniform width of the deposition.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wire feeding speed is important to the final quality of the product [9,10]. The relationship between wire feeding speed (WFS) and travelling speed (TS) has a great effect on the deposited morphology [11][12][13]. Gomez Ortega et al [11] studied the influence of speed and power on the forming of single welding and multilayer deposition walls by CMT process, and then concluded that gradually increasing TS could realize the uniform width of the deposition.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Process Optimization on Multilayer Morphology During 316L Double-wire CMT+P Deposition Process

Xue

Zhang³

et al. 2019

Metals

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Cold metal transfer (CMT) has been widely used in metal additive manufacturing for its low heat input, less splashing and high efficiency. Wire feeding speed and travelling speed are important processes that affect morphology in CMT deposition. This study optimized the forming process of 30-layer stainless-steel part deposited by double-wire and double-arc CMT plus pulse (CMT+P) process, and investigated the effect of the ratio of wire feeding speed to travelling speed on deposition morphology. The results show that asynchronous arc striking and extinguishing can improve the forming. Moreover, the deposition molding is affected by the interaction of heat input and heat accumulation. With the similar ratio of wire feeding speed to travelling speed and the similar heat input, increasing the wire feeding speed can increase the heat accumulation and the width of sample, and decrease the height. The optimum process interval of wire feeding speed to travelling speed ratio and heat input is 3.9-4.2 and 70-74.8 J/mm, respectively. Although the increasing heat accumulation makes grain coarse and slight decreases mechanical property, the highest deposition rate can be up to 5.4 kg/h, when wire feeding speed and travelling speed are 5 m/min and 120 cm/min, respectively, and the tensile strength and elongation rate of which can reach the basic standard requirements for stainless-steel forgings.Wire feeding speed is important to the final quality of the product [9,10]. The relationship between wire feeding speed (WFS) and travelling speed (TS) has a great effect on the deposited morphology [11][12][13]. Gomez Ortega et al. [11] studied the influence of speed and power on the forming of single welding and multilayer deposition walls by CMT process, and then concluded that gradually increasing TS could realize the uniform width of the deposition. Moreover, Kazanas et al.[12] adopted CMT process to manufacture upright and inclined walls with ER70S-6 and ER4043 wires, and studied the matching process between WFS and TS. The results revealed that the molding was good when the WFS/TS ratio was in a certain proportion of 15. Similarly, Xu et al. [13] researched the process region of maraging steel by CMT single-pass deposition, the results indicated that when WFS and WFS/TS ratio were greater than 6 m/min and 20, respectively, the forming was acceptable.The CMT plus Pulse (CMT+P) process is developed by adding pulse into CMT welding, which realizes alternating transition between CMT and pulse during welding [7], and the heat input can be adjusted freely. In addition, the CMT+P process can refine the droplet by pulse, which could effectively reduce the number and size of porosity [14]. Furthermore, CMT+P process has smaller penetration depth and similar deposition width than CMT. Thus, CMT+P is an appropriate process for material deposition. Ayarkwa et al. [15] built aluminum alloy part by CMT+P mode, and the forming was perfect when the WFS/TS ratio was about 16, however, the WFS/TS ratio of stainless-steel deposition by CMT+P proce...

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confidence: 94%

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confidence: 94%

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confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Process Optimization on Multilayer Morphology During 316L Double-wire CMT+P Deposition Process

Xue

Zhang³

et al. 2019

Metals

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“…Compared to powder-bed technologies, the WAAM process is significantly more attractive and cost-effective. This is manifested in terms of energy consumption (90% less than PBT), production cost, including raw materials, (80% less than PBT) and component dimensions that are not limited to the printing cell size [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. In addition, the deposition rate of the raw material in the WAAM process is about 160 g/min [16], which is significantly higher than the 10 g/min obtained by conventional PBT processes [17].…”

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confidence: 99%

The Effect of Microstructural Imperfections on Corrosion Fatigue of Additively Manufactured ER70S-6 Alloy Produced by Wire Arc Deposition

Ron

Levy

Dolev

et al. 2020

Metals

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This study aims at evaluating the effect of microstructure imperfections on the corrosion fatigue performance of an ER70S-6 alloy produced by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process, in a 3.5% NaCl solution. For reference, a regular ST-37 alloy with relatively similar chemical composition was considered as a counterpart alloy. This was justified by the fact that the ER70S-6 alloy is usually used for conventional welding of ST-37 steel. The results obtained indicated that while the ST-37 alloy exhibited fatigue strength of 240 MPa in the corrosive solution, the additively manufactured ER70S-6 alloy showed fatigue strength of only 140 MPa. These differences were related to microstructural imperfections that are inherently produced during the WAAM process.

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Indentation Plastometry for Study of Anisotropy and Inhomogeneity in Maraging Steel Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Southern¹,

Campbell²,

Kourousis

et al. 2023

steel research int.

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This work concerns the use of profilometry‐based indentation plastometry (PIP) to obtain mechanical property information for maraging steel samples produced via an additive manufacturing route (laser powder bed fusion). Bars are produced in both “horizontal” (all material close to the build plate) and “vertical” (progressively increasing distance from the build plate) configurations. Samples are mechanically tested in both as‐built and age‐hardened conditions. Stress–strain curves from uniaxial testing (tensile and compressive) are compared with those from PIP testing. Tensile test data suggest significant anisotropy, with the horizontal direction harder than the vertical direction. However, systematic compressive tests, allowing curves to be obtained for both build and transverse directions in various locations, indicate that there is no anisotropy anywhere in these materials. This is consistent with electron backscattered diffraction results, indicating that there is no significant texture in these materials. It is also consistent with the outcomes of PIP testing, which can detect anisotropy with high sensitivity. Furthermore, both PIP testing and compression testing results indicate that the changing growth conditions at different distances from the build plate can lead to strength variations. It seems likely that what has previously been interpreted as anisotropy in the tensile response is in fact due to inhomogeneity of this type.

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Preliminary Investigation of Building Strategies of Maraging Steel Bulk Material Using Wire + Arc Additive Manufacture

Cited by 60 publications

References 17 publications

Process Optimization on Multilayer Morphology During 316L Double-wire CMT+P Deposition Process

Process Optimization on Multilayer Morphology During 316L Double-wire CMT+P Deposition Process

The Effect of Microstructural Imperfections on Corrosion Fatigue of Additively Manufactured ER70S-6 Alloy Produced by Wire Arc Deposition

Indentation Plastometry for Study of Anisotropy and Inhomogeneity in Maraging Steel Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

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