Preliminary Eye-Tracking Data as a Nonintrusive Marker for Blood Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Concentration and Drugged Driving

Zandi, Ali Shahidi; Comeau, Felix J. E.; Mann, Robert E.; Ciano, Patricia Di; Arslan, Eliyas; Murphy, Thomas W.; Foll, Bernard Le; Wickens, Christine M.

doi:10.1089/can.2020.0141

Cited by 7 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In a single experimental study, blink duration was significantly decreased following acute oral administration of an oil solution containing 5 mg THC, compared with placebo 21 . An experimental pilot study reported no differences in blink duration, blink frequency or eyelid opening in those who smoked a cigarette containing THC (mean 62.72 mg) compared with baseline 39 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Nonrandomised studies had a low to moderate RoB (see Figures 4 and 5), with most at moderate risk due to confounding of the intervention effect and/or selection of participants. One study also had a moderate RoB due to the potential influence that participants' knowledge of the intervention received may have had on outcome measures 39 . Only one study had a low RoB, 15 while others were of some concern with a moderate RoB 17,26,27,35,37,39 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A male‐only sample was utilised in five studies 28–32 with a further nine studies reporting a higher proportion of male than female subjects 7,17,26,27,33–37 . One study involved a sample with an equal ratio of male to female participants 38 and three studies' samples included more females than males 15,21,39 . Two epidemiological studies did not report participant sex or age 8,40 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies were predominantly conducted in the United States 7,8,27,28,31,37 and the Netherlands 29,30,32,33,38 . The remaining studies originated from Germany, 15,17,26,35 Australia 21,34,36 and Canada 39,40 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A systematic review of oculomotor deficits associated with acute and chronic cannabis use

Manning,

Downey,

Narayan

et al. 2023

Addiction Biology

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Driving is a critical everyday task necessitating the rapid and seamless integration of dynamic visually derived information to guide neurobehaviour. Biological markers are frequently employed to detect Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) consumption among drivers during roadside tests, despite not necessarily indicating impairment. Characterising THC‐specific alterations to oculomotor behaviour may offer a more sensitive measure for indexing drug‐related impairment, necessitating discrimination between acute THC effects, chronic use and potential tolerance effects. The present review aims to synthesise current evidence on the acute and chronic effects of THC on driving‐relevant oculomotor behaviour. The review was prospectively registered (10.17605/OSF.IO/A4H9W), and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines informed reporting standards. Overall, 20 included articles comprising 12 experimental acute dosing trials, 5 cross‐sectional chronic use studies and 3 roadside epidemiological studies examined the effects of cannabis/THC on oculomotor parameters including saccadic activity gaze behaviour, nystagmus, smooth pursuit and eyelid/blink characteristics. Acute THC consumption selectively impacts oculomotor control, notably increasing saccadic latency and inaccuracy and impairing inhibitory control. Chronic cannabis users, especially those with early age of use onset, display enduring oculomotor deficits that affect visual scanning efficiency. The presence of eyelid tremors appears to be a reliable indicator of cannabis consumption while remaining distinct from direct impairment associated with visual attention and motor control. Cannabis selectively influences oculomotor activity relevant to driving, highlighting the role of cannabinoid systems in these processes. Defining cannabis/THC‐specific changes in oculomotor control may enhance the precision of roadside impairment assessments and vehicle safety systems to detect drug‐related impairment and assess driving fitness.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A systematic review of oculomotor deficits associated with acute and chronic cannabis use

Manning,

Downey,

Narayan

et al. 2023

Addiction Biology

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“…Reports have inconsistently characterized the impact of cannabis smoking or vaping and THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), the primary psychoactive agent in cannabis, on pupil diameter or the pupillary light reflex. Depending on the investigation, acute cannabis smoking or vaping has been associated with a decrease (Brown et al, 1977; Ortiz-Peregrina et al, 2020), increase (Stark et al, 2003; Merzouki et al, 2008; Shahidi Zandi et al, 2021) or no change (Fant et al, 1998; Newmeyer et al, 2017) in static pupil diameter. The pupillary light reflex, as assessed by the relative degree of illumination-induced pupil constriction, was decreased after acute cannabis consumption in some studies that utilized quantitative infrared pupillometry (Fant et al, 1998; Campobasso et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Video Segmentation Pipeline for Assessing changes in Pupil Response to Light After Cannabis Consumption

Steinhart

Brooks‐Russell

Kosnett

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Due to long-standing federal restrictions on cannabis-related research, the implications of cannabis legalization on traffic and occupational safety are understudied. Accordingly, there is a need for objective and validated measures of acute cannabis impairment that may be applied in public safety and occupational settings. Pupillary response to light may offer an avenue for detection that outperforms typical sobriety tests and THC concentrations. We developed a video processing and analysis pipeline that extracts pupil sizes during a light stimulus test administered with goggles utilizing infrared videography. The analysis compared pupil size trajectories in response to a light for those with occasional, daily, and no cannabis use before and after smoking. Pupils were segmented using a combination of image pre-processing techniques and segmentation algorithms which were validated using manually segmented data and found to achieve 99% precision and 94% F-score. Features extracted from the pupil size trajectories captured pupil constriction and rebound dilation and were analyzed using generalized estimating equations. We find that acute cannabis use results in less pupil constriction and slower pupil rebound dilation in the light stimulus test.

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Machine Learning to Infer a Health State Using Biomedical Signals — Detection of Hypoglycemia in People with Diabetes while Driving Real Cars

Lehmann,

Zueger,

Maritsch

et al. 2024

NEJM AI

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Preliminary Eye-Tracking Data as a Nonintrusive Marker for Blood Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Concentration and Drugged Driving

Cited by 7 publications

References 47 publications

A systematic review of oculomotor deficits associated with acute and chronic cannabis use

A systematic review of oculomotor deficits associated with acute and chronic cannabis use

A Video Segmentation Pipeline for Assessing changes in Pupil Response to Light After Cannabis Consumption

Machine Learning to Infer a Health State Using Biomedical Signals — Detection of Hypoglycemia in People with Diabetes while Driving Real Cars

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