Preliminary Experiments With Sea Urchin Pluteus and Metamorphosis in Marine Pollution Bioassay

The effects of metals on embryo-larval and adult life stages of the sea urchin, Diadema antillarum

“…The EC50 of 11 g/L Cu measured in this study is at the low end of the range (11-120 g/L Cu) of reported EC50s for other species of sea urchin larvae (Kobayashi, 1977(Kobayashi, , 1980(Kobayashi, , 1981(Kobayashi, , 1994Rumbold and Snedaker, 1997;Phillips et al, 2003). D. antillarum larvae were also very sensitive to Ag with an EC50 below the range (14-100 g/L) of EC50s reported for other urchins (Dinnel et al, 1982(Dinnel et al, , 1983(Dinnel et al, , 1989Warnau et al, 1996).…”

“…Sea urchin larvae have been shown to be highly sensitive to metals and therefore have been extensively used in marine pollution bioassays (Kobayashi and Fujinaga, 1976;Kobayashi, 1977Kobayashi, , 1980Kobayashi, , 1981Kobayashi, , 1994Phillips et al, 2003;Kobayashi and Okamura, 2004). Metal concentrations in seawater generally range from 0.13 to 9.5 g/L Cu (Kozelka and Bruland, 1998), from 0.1 to 2 ng/L Ag (Kramer et al, 2002), from 0.016 to 4.74 g/L Se (Cutter and Cutter, 2004;Sherrard et al, 2004), and from 0.2 to 130 g/L Ni (WHO, 1991;DETR, 1998) with the highest concentrations a result of significant anthropogenic inputs.…”

Comparative Toxicity of Various Chemicals, Oil Extracts and Oil Dispersant Extracts to Canadian and Japanese Sea Urchin Eggs

“…In general, the effects noted compare with those obtained for other species (Kobayashi 1971(Kobayashi , 1974(Kobayashi , 1977 although there are suggested differences in species sensitivity.…”

“…Waterman (1937), Okubo and Okubo (1962), Kobayashi (1971Kobayashi ( , 1974Kobayashi ( and 1977 and Murakami et al (1976) conducted comprehensive tests with series of metallic salts. Their reports show the relative toxicity of three important salts to be in the order Cu>Zn>Cd; similar results were obtained in the current experiments.…”

“…Later it was recognized that pollution effects on the formation of the pluteus were more pronounced than in any of the earlier stages (Kobayashi, 1977). These earlier studies used eggs mainly of the Japanese sea urchin Anthocidaris crassispina.…”