Preliminary Evaluation of the Br
            <i>EMA1</i>
            Gene as a Tool for Associating
            <i>Babesia rossi</i>
            Genotypes and Clinical Manifestation of Canine Babesiosis

Matjila, Paul Tshepo; Carcy, B.; Leisewitz, Andrew L.; Schetters, Theo; Jongejan, Frans; Gorenflot, A.; Penzhorn, Barend Louis

doi:10.1128/jcm.01110-08

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The explanation for this could be the presence of different strains of B. canis in Croatia. Different strains of B. canis and B. rossi have been identified and been proven to cause different clinical forms of babesiosis (Carcy et al, 2006;Matjila et al, 2009). Moreover, different babesia strains can be directly linked with the outcome and prognosis of babesiosis (Matjila et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malondialdehyde levels in serum of dogs infected with Babesia canis

Crnogaj¹,

Petlevski²,

Mrljak³

et al. 2010

Vet. Med.

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Babesiosis is a common tick born disease of dogs in tropical and subtropical regions of the world caused by different species of Babesia. The aim of the present study was to confirm the presence of oxidative stress by examining serum malondialdehyde (MDA), an end product of lipid peroxidation, in 35 dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis (B. canis). MDA was examined in 14 healthy dogs as well. Blood smears were prepared from peripheral blood and they showed the presence of B. canis in infected dogs. B. canis was confirmed using the PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) method. On the basis of clinical and laboratory data the 35 infected dogs were clinically classified into two groups, complicated (seven dogs) and uncomplicated (28 dogs). The noted complications were renal dysfunction (5/7), hepatic dysfunction (3/7), muscular involvement (2/7) and ARDS (1/7). Levels of blood urea nitrogen concentration (BUN), creatinin, total bilirubin, alanin aminotranspherase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and gammaglutamil aminotranspherase (GGT) were significantly increased in dogs with complicated versus uncomplicated babesiosis. Furthermore the uncomplicated group of dogs was, depending on the severity of anaemia, classified as suffering from severe, moderate or mild disease. Levels of serum MDA were significantly higher in sick dogs (36.90 μmol/l ± 13.95) than healthy animals (8.13 μmol/l ± 1.78). There was no significant statistical difference in serum MDA levels between dogs with complicated (38.48 μmol/l ± 12.11) and uncomplicated babesiosis (36.50 μmol/l ± 14.55). Comparison of the groups based on the severity of anaemia showed that there was no significant statistical difference in serum MDA levels between them. The study demonstrated the involvement of oxidative damage in dogs naturally infected with B. canis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malondialdehyde levels in serum of dogs infected with Babesia canis

Crnogaj¹,

Petlevski²,

Mrljak³

et al. 2010

Vet. Med.

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“…Little is known why the disease manifests itself differently in individual dogs. There are some indications that Babesia parasites vary with regard to virulence, both at the species and isolate level [4,5,6]. In addition, the outcome of infection appears to be also dependent on the number of parasites that infects the animal [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms Involved in the Persistence of Babesia canis Infection in Dogs

Schetters

2019

Pathogens

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Dogs that are infected with Babesia canis parasites usually show severe clinical signs, yet often very few parasites are detectable in the blood circulation. The results showed that large numbers of B. canis-infected red blood cells accumulate in the microvasculature of infected subjects. The initial process leading to the attachment of infected erythrocytes to the endothelial cells of small capillaries (sequestration) appears to involve the interaction of parasite molecules at the erythrocyte surface with ligands on the endothelial cells. Since parasites continue to develop in the sequestered erythrocyte, it would be expected that the infected erythrocyte is destroyed when the mature parasites escape the host cell, which would make it hard to explain accumulation of infected erythrocytes at the initial site of attachment. Apparently, additional processes are triggered that lead to consolidation of parasite sequestration. One possible explanation is that after initial attachment of an infected erythrocyte to the wall of a blood capillary, the coagulation system is involved in the trapping of infected and uninfected erythrocytes. The data further suggest that newly formed parasites subsequently infect normal red blood cells that are also trapped in the capillary, which finally leads to capillaries that appear to be loaded with infected erythrocytes.

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“…This protein is suspected to be a major virulence factor in B . rossi- induced canine babesiosis [ 10 ]. B .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MCP-1, KC-like and IL-8 as critical mediators of pathogenesis caused by Babesia canis

et al. 2018

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Canine babesiosis caused by the intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite Babesia canis is a tick-borne disease characterized by a host response that involves both cellular and humoral immunity. This study focuses on the secretion of cytokines Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF), Keratinocyte Chemotactic-like (KC-like), Interleukins (IL)-2, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18 and Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 (MCP-1) in babesiosis caused by Babesia canis upon treatment with Imizol®. We assessed time dependent changes in cytokine levels and tested whether these changes correlate with pathogenesis of the disease. Sixteen healthy dogs and 31 dogs infected with Babesia canis, of which 18 showed complications, were treated with Imizol®. One dog died during the study (3.2%). Longitudinal study was perfomed by monitoring dogs at the first day of presentation (day 1) and 6 days later (day 7). Our results show that higher MCP-1 levels on day 1 are positively associated with the occurrence of complications, (complicated vs. uncomplicated; p = 0.00016). A similar pattern was observed for KC-like on day 1 (p = 0.0326) and day 7 (p = 0.044). Moreover, babesiosis caused by B. canis produced a steady increase in IL-8 levels with a moderate to strong negative correlation with erythrocyte counts and hematocrit in uncomplicated diseased dogs only (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient rs = -0.582 and rs = -0.598 respectively). Like for MCP-1, KC-like levels also differed in complicated and uncomplicated diseased dogs on day 1 (p = 0.03236) and day 7 (p = 0.044). Furthermore, KC-like levels were strongly correlated with IL-8 levels (rs = 0.663–0.7) and non-segmented neutrophil counts (rs = 0.572–0.732) in both diseased groups. Analysis of ROC suggests the use of serum levels of MCP-1 and IL-7 as predictors of the occurrence of complications with an AUC of 0.906 and 0.896 respectively and linear combinations of MCP-1, KC-Like, IL-7 and GM-CSF with values up to AUC = 0.983. Cytokine cluster analysis presented in this study can contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of babesiosis and serve as a prognostic tool for the early detection of cases with highest likelihood of developing complications. Overall, our studies show that infection by B. canis elicits a cytokine pattern that is distinct from that observed with B. rossi, and that some of the inflammatory mediators can be useful to predict complications. Our results also suggest targets for the development of novel therapeutic strategies in babesiosis caused by B. canis.

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Preliminary Evaluation of the Br EMA1 Gene as a Tool for Associating Babesia rossi Genotypes and Clinical Manifestation of Canine Babesiosis

Cited by 22 publications

References 17 publications

Malondialdehyde levels in serum of dogs infected with Babesia canis

Malondialdehyde levels in serum of dogs infected with Babesia canis

Mechanisms Involved in the Persistence of Babesia canis Infection in Dogs

MCP-1, KC-like and IL-8 as critical mediators of pathogenesis caused by Babesia canis

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