Preliminary Evaluation of Raboral V-RG&amp;reg; Oral Rabies Vaccine in Arctic Foxes (Vulpes lagopus)

Follmann, Erich H.; Ritter, Don; Swor, Rhonda; Dunbar, Mike R.; Hueffer, Karsten

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-47.4.1032

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…By 30 dpi all rabies vaccinated bats (5/5) developed Ab titers greater than 0.2 IU/ml (0.20–11.46, with a mean of 5.14), while 7/7 bats that received RCN-luc had titers ⩽0.09 IU/ml ( Table S5 ). While there is no “protective” level of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (RVNA), there is a positive correlation between RVNA titers and the level of protection after virus challenge [22] , [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] . Titers between 0.1 and 3.0 IU have been protective for other mammalian species [22] , [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectivity of attenuated poxvirus vaccine vectors and immunogenicity of a raccoonpox vectored rabies vaccine in the Brazilian Free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis)

Stading

Osorio

Velasco-Villa

et al. 2016

Vaccine

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Bats (Order Chiroptera) are an abundant group of mammals with tremendous ecological value as insectivores and plant dispersers, but their role as reservoirs of zoonotic diseases has received more attention in the last decade. With the goal of managing disease in free-ranging bats, we tested modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) and raccoon poxvirus (RCN) as potential vaccine vectors in the Brazilian Free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis), using biophotonic in vivo imaging and immunogenicity studies. Animals were administered recombinant poxviral vectors expressing the luciferase gene (MVA-luc, RCN-luc) through oronasal (ON) or intramuscular (IM) routes and subsequently monitored for bioluminescent signal indicative of viral infection. No clinical illness was noted after exposure to any of the vectors, and limited luciferase expression was observed. Higher and longer levels of expression were observed with the RCN-luc construct. When given IM, luciferase expression was limited to the site of injection, while ON exposure led to initial expression in the oral cavity, often followed by secondary replication at another location, likely the gastric mucosa or gastric associated lymphatic tissue. Viral DNA was detected in oral swabs up to 7 and 9 days post infection (dpi) for MVA and RCN, respectively. While no live virus was detected in oral swabs from MVA-infected bats, titers up to 3.88 × 104 PFU/ml were recovered from oral swabs of RCN-infected bats. Viral DNA was also detected in fecal samples from two bats inoculated IM with RCN, but no live virus was recovered. Finally, we examined the immunogenicity of a RCN based rabies vaccine (RCN-G) following ON administration. Significant rabies neutralizing antibody titers were detected in the serum of immunized bats using the rapid fluorescence focus inhibition test (RFFIT). These studies highlight the safety and immunogenicity of attenuated poxviruses and their potential use as vaccine vectors in bats.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectivity of attenuated poxvirus vaccine vectors and immunogenicity of a raccoonpox vectored rabies vaccine in the Brazilian Free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis)

Stading

Osorio

Velasco-Villa

et al. 2016

Vaccine

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“… 10 9.3 TCID 50 90 Unpublished data c Arctic fox ( Vulpes lagopus ) 8 p.o. 10 8.0 PFU 112 [ 82 ] Raccoon 3 i.d. 10 7.0 PFU 28 [ 52 ] ( Procyon lotor ) 3 i.m.…”

Section: V-rg Vaccine Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral vaccination of wildlife using a vaccinia–rabies-glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine (RABORAL V-RG®): a global review

Maki

Guiot²,

Aubert³

et al. 2017

Vet Res

143

112

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RABORAL V-RG® is an oral rabies vaccine bait that contains an attenuated (“modified-live”) recombinant vaccinia virus vector vaccine expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein gene (V-RG). Approximately 250 million doses have been distributed globally since 1987 without any reports of adverse reactions in wildlife or domestic animals since the first licensed recombinant oral rabies vaccine (ORV) was released into the environment to immunize wildlife populations against rabies. V-RG is genetically stable, is not detected in the oral cavity beyond 48 h after ingestion, is not shed by vaccinates into the environment, and has been tested for thermostability under a range of laboratory and field conditions. Safety of V-RG has been evaluated in over 50 vertebrate species, including non-human primates, with no adverse effects observed regardless of route or dose. Immunogenicity and efficacy have been demonstrated under laboratory and field conditions in multiple target species (including fox, raccoon, coyote, skunk, raccoon dog, and jackal). The liquid vaccine is packaged inside edible baits (i.e., RABORAL V-RG, the vaccine-bait product) which are distributed into wildlife habitats for consumption by target species. Field application of RABORAL V-RG has contributed to the elimination of wildlife rabies from three European countries (Belgium, France and Luxembourg) and of the dog/coyote rabies virus variant from the United States of America (USA). An oral rabies vaccination program in west-central Texas has essentially eliminated the gray fox rabies virus variant from Texas with the last case reported in a cow during 2009. A long-term ORV barrier program in the USA using RABORAL V-RG is preventing substantial geographic expansion of the raccoon rabies virus variant. RABORAL V-RG has also been used to control wildlife rabies in Israel for more than a decade. This paper: (1) reviews the development and historical use of RABORAL V-RG; (2) highlights wildlife rabies control programs using the vaccine in multiple species and countries; and (3) discusses current and future challenges faced by programs seeking to control or eliminate wildlife rabies.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13567-017-0459-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Challenging sampling logistics and the high cost of testing hinder progress in understanding the biology of rabies in the sparsely populated regions of the planet. While oral vaccines licensed for use in wildlife are safe and effective in arctic foxes [11][12][13][14], large-scale vaccination in this species is not cost effective and has not been achieved.…”

Section: Rabies In the Arcticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rabies in Alaska, from the past to an uncertain future

Hueffer

Murphy

2018

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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Rabies is a serious zoonotic disease with significant public health consequences in the circumpolar North. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the disease ecology in Alaska. In this paper, we review historical records of rabies in Alaska ranging from the late nineteenth century to the present, analyse the public health impact in the state and review studies on disease ecology before assessing challenges and anticipated altered disease dynamics in the face of a rapidly changing North. Rabies is a disease that has been present in Alaska continuously for over 100 years. It is maintained in bats and foxes with the arctic fox likely playing a bigger role in maintaining the virus, although a multi-host system with both red and arctic foxes cannot be excluded. Some modelling evidence suggest a possible decrease in rabies due to a changing climate, although uncertainty is high around these predictions for rabies distribution in Alaska into the future.

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Preliminary Evaluation of Raboral V-RG® Oral Rabies Vaccine in Arctic Foxes (Vulpes lagopus)

Cited by 16 publications

References 6 publications

Infectivity of attenuated poxvirus vaccine vectors and immunogenicity of a raccoonpox vectored rabies vaccine in the Brazilian Free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis)

Infectivity of attenuated poxvirus vaccine vectors and immunogenicity of a raccoonpox vectored rabies vaccine in the Brazilian Free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis)

Oral vaccination of wildlife using a vaccinia–rabies-glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine (RABORAL V-RG®): a global review

Rabies in Alaska, from the past to an uncertain future

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