“…FDM filaments are commonly made of thermoplastics, for example, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA), polyurethane (PUR), and others. The applications of the FDM technology have been explored in various areas, such as education [3,4], rapid prototyping [5,6], robotics [7,8], scientific tools [9,10], and tissue engineering [11,12]. However, current FDM 3D printed parts have lower reliability standards in comparison with other consumer products [13].…”