Preliminary Design of a Cryogenic System with GM Cryocooler for Testing the Hydrogen Condensers of the Distillation Columns

Crystal Growth of Clathrate Hydrate Formed with Carbon Dioxide and Deuterium Oxide: Implications for Hydrate-based Tritium Separation

“…Nakamura et al, 17 they reported the first ideas by contacting tritiated water with an HFC-134a + D 2 O hydrate substrate, which reduced the tritium concentration in tritium-containing water from 4.77 × 10 5 Bq/kg to 1.55 × 10 3 Bq/kg. Their work reported that the hydrate-based process achieves ultralow tritium concentrations in the order of 10 3 Bq/kg, which any well-established separation method such as cryogenic distillation 18 and catalytic exchange 19 has not reached. In the hydrate-based process, tritium is concentrated on the surface of the D 2 O hydrate substrate because of the coprecipitation reaction of T 2 O and D 2 O; 17 therefore, the dynamic characteristics of D 2 O-based hydrate with various guest compounds, regardless of HFCs or other greener guests, need to be clarified to develop an efficient process for substrate formation.…”

“…In a seminal work by Nakamura et al, they reported the first ideas by contacting tritiated water with an HFC-134a + D 2 O hydrate substrate, which reduced the tritium concentration in tritium-containing water from 4.77 × 10 5 Bq/kg to 1.55 × 10 3 Bq/kg. Their work reported that the hydrate-based process achieves ultralow tritium concentrations in the order of 10 3 Bq/kg, which any well-established separation method such as cryogenic distillation and catalytic exchange has not reached.…”