Preliminary comparative study on the behaviour of highly-loaded glue laminated timber and wood-CFRP composite beams exposed to local fire
B. Kawecki,
M. Pieńko,
T. Lipecki
et al.
Abstract:The paper presents a complex solution for testing loaded structural-sized glue laminated timber and innovative wood-carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) composite beams exposed to local fire. It shows the entire procedure from predicting a static behaviour and a combustion time (from reaching 300 °C temperature of the element up to its fracture) of the tested elements, designing and building an experimental stand, through conducting preliminary tests and discussing the results. The research included combust… Show more
“…In addition to CLT, the roster of EWPs utilized in construction encompasses laminated veneer lumber (LVL), formed by the bonding of thin vertical softwood veneers with their grain oriented parallel to the section's longitudinal axis using heat and pressure [14]. Glue-laminated timber (GLT), Buildings 2024, 14, 43 2 of 26 another EWP, is fashioned by adhering multiple graded timber laminations with their grain aligned parallel to the section's longitudinal axis [15], and parallel strand lumber (PSL) is produced by slicing long, slender strands from timber veneers [16]. Given that these figures can fluctuate based on the manufacturer, manufacturing process, specific product formulations, and the wood species used, the production pressures for CLT, LVL, and GLT are generally within the ranges of 0.7 to 3.5 MPa [17][18][19].…”
Tall timber buildings represent an emerging and highly promising sector due to their potential to yield significant environmental and economic advantages throughout their entire life cycles. Nonetheless, the existing body of literature lacks a comprehensive exploration of the primary architectural and structural design considerations for such sustainable towers. To address this gap and to enhance our understanding of emerging global trends, this study scrutinized data from 49 tall timber building case studies from around the world. The key findings revealed the following: (1) Europe stood out as the region boasting the highest number of tall timber buildings, with North America and Australia following behind; (2) residential applications were the most preferred function for tall timber buildings; (3) central cores were the predominant choice for core configuration; (4) prismatic forms were the most prevalent design preferences; (5) composite materials were notably widespread, with timber and concrete combinations being the most prominent; (6) structural systems primarily featured shear–frame systems, especially shear-walled frames. By unveiling these contemporary characteristics of tall timber buildings, this research is expected to provide valuable insights to architects, aiding and guiding them in the design and execution of future sustainable projects in this field.
“…In addition to CLT, the roster of EWPs utilized in construction encompasses laminated veneer lumber (LVL), formed by the bonding of thin vertical softwood veneers with their grain oriented parallel to the section's longitudinal axis using heat and pressure [14]. Glue-laminated timber (GLT), Buildings 2024, 14, 43 2 of 26 another EWP, is fashioned by adhering multiple graded timber laminations with their grain aligned parallel to the section's longitudinal axis [15], and parallel strand lumber (PSL) is produced by slicing long, slender strands from timber veneers [16]. Given that these figures can fluctuate based on the manufacturer, manufacturing process, specific product formulations, and the wood species used, the production pressures for CLT, LVL, and GLT are generally within the ranges of 0.7 to 3.5 MPa [17][18][19].…”
Tall timber buildings represent an emerging and highly promising sector due to their potential to yield significant environmental and economic advantages throughout their entire life cycles. Nonetheless, the existing body of literature lacks a comprehensive exploration of the primary architectural and structural design considerations for such sustainable towers. To address this gap and to enhance our understanding of emerging global trends, this study scrutinized data from 49 tall timber building case studies from around the world. The key findings revealed the following: (1) Europe stood out as the region boasting the highest number of tall timber buildings, with North America and Australia following behind; (2) residential applications were the most preferred function for tall timber buildings; (3) central cores were the predominant choice for core configuration; (4) prismatic forms were the most prevalent design preferences; (5) composite materials were notably widespread, with timber and concrete combinations being the most prominent; (6) structural systems primarily featured shear–frame systems, especially shear-walled frames. By unveiling these contemporary characteristics of tall timber buildings, this research is expected to provide valuable insights to architects, aiding and guiding them in the design and execution of future sustainable projects in this field.
The study involved combustion of 24 structural-sized beams under three-point bending subjected to substantial loading prior to ignition, reaching 90% of characteristic load-carrying capacity. A localised fire exposure zone was established proximal to the region experiencing the highest bending moment. The specimens were categorised into two groups: the first consisted of tituted by glued-laminated timber (B), and the second comprised wood-CFRP (carbon fibre reinforced polymer) composite (BW). Initial measurements encompassed pre-ignition static deflection and load. Subsequently, the specimens underwent controlled combustion, during which parameters including burning duration and deflection up to failure, were documented. Following cooling with sand, two cross-sectional slices were extracted from each fractured beam, enabling to find vector-based contours of the remaining cross-section. The charring rate and the approximate heat flux density for each test were determined, enabling a direct comparison of the results. A statistically significant number of specimens was examined, facilitating a comparative analysis between reinforced and unreinforced beams concerning failure time and form. Incorporating CFRP tapes among wooden constituents was found to increase the fire resistance of the structure, however, the thickness of the wooden material enveloping the CFRP composite emerges as a pivotal determinant. This issue needs thorough testing under standard fire in the future. Nevertheless, the fact is that adding CFRP tapes engenders a distinct form of beam collapse, transitioning from instantaneous cracking in B-beams to ductile failure in BW-beams.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.