Preliminary Arabic normative data of neuropsychological tests: The verbal and design fluency

Khalil, Mohamed S

doi:10.1080/13803391003672305

Cited by 60 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(114 reference statements)

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“…Variable effects of sex on VF performance have been reported: many studies have failed to find significant sex differences [42, 60, 70], while others have found that women have superior performance [62, 69, 71]. Sex differences are further complicated by the different familiarity of men and women with particular semantic categories.…”

Section: Experiments 1 Demographic Influences On Verbal Fluencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Computerized Analysis of Verbal Fluency: Normative Data and the Effects of Repeated Testing, Simulated Malingering, and Traumatic Brain Injury

et al. 2016

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In verbal fluency (VF) tests, subjects articulate words in a specified category during a short test period (typically 60 s). Verbal fluency tests are widely used to study language development and to evaluate memory retrieval in neuropsychiatric disorders. Performance is usually measured as the total number of correct words retrieved. Here, we describe the properties of a computerized VF (C-VF) test that tallies correct words and repetitions while providing additional lexical measures of word frequency, syllable count, and typicality. In addition, the C-VF permits (1) the analysis of the rate of responding over time, and (2) the analysis of the semantic relationships between words using a new method, Explicit Semantic Analysis (ESA), as well as the established semantic clustering and switching measures developed by Troyer et al. (1997). In Experiment 1, we gathered normative data from 180 subjects ranging in age from 18 to 82 years in semantic (“animals”) and phonemic (letter “F”) conditions. The number of words retrieved in 90 s correlated with education and daily hours of computer-use. The rate of word production declined sharply over time during both tests. In semantic conditions, correct-word scores correlated strongly with the number of ESA and Troyer-defined semantic switches as well as with an ESA-defined semantic organization index (SOI). In phonemic conditions, ESA revealed significant semantic influences in the sequence of words retrieved. In Experiment 2, we examined the test-retest reliability of different measures across three weekly tests in 40 young subjects. Different categories were used for each semantic (“animals”, “parts of the body”, and “foods”) and phonemic (letters “F”, “A”, and “S”) condition. After regressing out the influences of education and computer-use, we found that correct-word z-scores in the first session did not differ from those of the subjects in Experiment 1. Word production was uniformly greater in semantic than phonemic conditions. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of correct-word z-scores were higher for phonemic (0.91) than semantic (0.77) tests. In semantic conditions, good reliability was also seen for the SOI (ICC = 0.68) and ESA-defined switches in semantic categories (ICC = 0.62). In Experiment 3, we examined the performance of subjects from Experiment 2 when instructed to malinger: 38% showed abnormal (p< 0.05) performance in semantic conditions. Simulated malingerers with abnormal scores could be distinguished with 80% sensitivity and 89% specificity from subjects with abnormal scores in Experiment 1 using lexical, temporal, and semantic measures. In Experiment 4, we tested patients with mild and severe traumatic brain injury (mTBI and sTBI). Patients with mTBI performed within the normal range, while patients with sTBI showed significant impairments in correct-word z-scores and category shifts. The lexical, temporal, and semantic measures of the C-VF provide an automated and comprehensive description of verbal fluency performance.

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Section: Experiments 1 Demographic Influences On Verbal Fluencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Computerized Analysis of Verbal Fluency: Normative Data and the Effects of Repeated Testing, Simulated Malingering, and Traumatic Brain Injury

et al. 2016

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“…In other languages, different combinations of letters are used to assess phonological fluency in more culturally-appropriate ways. For example, one Arabic study tested the use of W, R, and G, and found that these letters are more appropriate for use within an Arabic population (Khalil, 2010). Similarly, a Greek study used X (Chi), (Sigma), and A (Alpha) because these letters followed the same ratios as F, A, and S in the English language and were more relevant to the Greek alphabet and overall culture (Kosmidis, Vlahou, Panagiotaki, & Kiosseoglou, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stricks et al (2008) collected normative data in Spanish from Spanish-speakers in the United States. Few norms studies on phonological fluency have been conducted in regions outside of the United States and Canada, including Sweden (Tallberg, Ivachova, Jones Tinghag, &Österberg, 2008), Saudi Arabia (Khalil, 2010), and the Netherlands (Van der Elst, Van Boxtel, Van Breukelen, & Jolles, 2006). Semantic fluency norms have also been established for animals, vegetables, fruits, foods, and clothing, primarily from the United States and Canada (Gladsjo et al, 1999;Lucas et al, 1998;Mitrushina, 2005;Tombaugh et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Verbal fluency tests: Normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population

Olabarrieta‐Landa

Rivera

Galarza-Del-Angel

et al. 2015

NRE

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Abstract. OBJECTIVE:To generate normative data for the Verbal Fluency Tests across 11 countries in Latin America, with country-specific adjustments for gender, age, and education, where appropriate. METHOD: The sample consisted of 3,977 healthy adults who were recruited from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and, Puerto Rico. Each subject was administered the Verbal Fluency Test as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. A standardized five-step statistical procedure was used to generate the norms. RESULTS:The final multiple linear regression models for the letter F explained 8-30% of the variance, 7-32% for letter A, 8-32% for the letter S, and 16-43% for the animal category in Verbal Fluency Test scores. Although t-tests showed significant differences between men and women on the Verbal Fluency Test, they did not have an effect size larger than 0.3. As a result, gender-adjusted norms were not generated.

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“…Khalil (2010) examined the performance of healthy Arabic-speaking adults in Saudi Arabia on verbal fluency tests. Both studies used the Arabic version of the semantic (i.e., naming as many animals as possible) and phonemic (i.e., reciting as many words that start with a certain sound) versions of this test.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: Normative data for the Arabic-speaking population and analysis of the differential influence of demographic variables.

Poreh

Sultan

Levin

2012

Psychology & Neuroscience

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The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) is the one of the most widely used neuropsychological tests of verbal memory. It has been translated into numerous languages including Spanish, German, Arabic, Hebrew, Czech, Portuguese, and English. The present study examined the hypothesis that the learning of word lists forms an algorithmic pattern across all cultures. To this end, a sample of 200 Arabic-speaking Omani adults between the ages of 18 and 50 years was collected. The resulting norms were then compared withexisting American and Brazilian samples. The study confirmed that the first trial on the RAVLT correlates with demographic variables, whereas the learning slope on subsequent trials is almost identical across all cultures. Based on the above finding, the slope of the verbal learning test is hypothesized to measure a psychophysiological process linked with the hippocampal formation and allows for the laying down of new memories. In contrast, the first trial of the test is amenable to more cultural, demographic, and environmental factors.

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Preliminary Arabic normative data of neuropsychological tests: The verbal and design fluency

Cited by 60 publications

References 57 publications

Computerized Analysis of Verbal Fluency: Normative Data and the Effects of Repeated Testing, Simulated Malingering, and Traumatic Brain Injury

Computerized Analysis of Verbal Fluency: Normative Data and the Effects of Repeated Testing, Simulated Malingering, and Traumatic Brain Injury

Verbal fluency tests: Normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population

The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: Normative data for the Arabic-speaking population and analysis of the differential influence of demographic variables.

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