Prejudice Versus Discrimination: An Empirical Example and Theoretical Extension

Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research.

“…Significant but relatively low attitudebehavior relations were also reported by Warner and DeFleur (1969) and Warner and Dennis (1970). Warner and DeFleur measured attitudes toward blacks by means of a 16-item Likert scale.…”

“…Blacks as targets. In contrast with some of the research reviewed under Lack oj Correspondence, a few studies have measured attitudes toward blacks in general and have used criteria that involved specific actions with respect to hypothetical representatives of this racial group (DeFleur & Westie, 1958;Green, 1972;Linn, 1965;Warner & DeFleur, 1969;Warner & Dennis, 1970). Attitudinal and behavioral entities thus corresponded in their target elements (blacks) but not in their action elements.…”

“…As part of the same study, attitudes toward blacks were also measured by means of an 8-item Guttman scale (see Warner & Dennis, 1970). These attitude scores, dichotomized at the median, correlated .27 with the above criterion when only subjects who replied were considered.…”

Micro-structure in micro-neighborhoods: A new social distance measure, and its effect on individual and aggregated perceptions of crime and disorder

“…This view has become dominant such that many social distance measures are synonymous with racial/ethnic difference (Bogardus 1947;Jargowsky 1996;Johnson and Marini 1998;Jones 1991;Portes 1984;Rosenbaum 1992;Verkuyten and Kinket 2000;Warner and Dennis 1970). Thus, it is the perception of difference between individuals and members of various other racial/ethnic groups that is conceptualized as social distance (Canon and Mathews 1971;Evans and Giles 1986;Matthews and Westie 1966;Payne, York, and Fagan 1974;Siegel and Shepherd 1959).…”

Reverse discrimination: The relationship of amount of perceived discrimination toward a minority group on the behaviour of majority group members.

“…Another important variable in discrimination studies is the effect of the subject's reference groups on his inter-racial behaviour. Warner and De Fleur (1969) and Warner and Dennis (1970) suggest that the reference group norm has a strong effect on the subject's "public" behaviour. When their subjects expected inter-racial behaviour to be made public to conservative reference groups outside a university setting (e.g., family), they were less willing to behave positively toward blacks than they were when only "liberal" reference groups in the university would know of their behaviour.…”