“…In line with this conceptualization, Bizumic et al (2009Bizumic et al ( , 2021 and Bizumic (2019) developed the Ethnocentrism Scale, a culture-general measure that assesses a variety of ethnocentric attitudes. This scale served as a basis for research in political science (Sirin et al, 2017;Valentino et al, 2018;Ammassari et al, 2022;Hansen and Dinesen, 2022), though it has primarily been used in psychological research (Greitemeyer, 2012;Harrison, 2012;Cargile and Bolkan, 2013;Huxley et al, 2015;McWhae et al, 2015;Agroskin et al, 2016;Bukhori, 2017;Uhl et al, 2018;Reiss et al, 2019;Bizumic et al, 2022;Sheppard et al, 2023). The Ethnocentrism scale (Bizumic et al, 2009) comprises six bipolar subscales, with an equal number of positively-worded and negatively-worded items measuring each dimension.…”