Prehypertension, Hypertension and Associated Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Adult Congolese Urban Dwellers: Results of the Vitaraa Study

Abstract

Objective: To assess the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension, their determinants and associated cardiovascular risk factors in Congolese urban dwellers. Methods: From July 2007 to March 2008, we collected information on lifestyle habits, medical history and anthropometric data in 1292 household members of Adoula Quarter, Kinshasa, aged 20 years or more, 731 women (56.6%). We obtained measurements of BP, blood glucose, serum lipids and qualitative proteinuria. We defined blood pressure categories according to JNC7 classification and used logistic regression analyses to assess their independent determinants. We obtained age adjustment of continuous and categorical variables using GLM and Genmod procedures, respectively. Results: Prehypertension was observed in 30.3% of subjects, 34.9% of men and 26.7% of women (P = 0.0045). The prevalence of hypertension amounted to 30.9% with no difference between genders. Participants with prehypertension had average age, BMI and waist circumference intermediate between those with normal BP and hypertensive subjects. Their glucose and lipids levels were * Corresponding author. M. P. Bayauli et al. 391similar to those of normotensives. The prevalence of prehypertension amounted to 33% at age 20 -29 years and decreased to 16.7% at ≥60 years whereas the prevalence of hypertension increased from 11.2% to 71.4%. The rates of diabetes mellitus were similar accross blood pressure catogories whilst prevalences of overweight/obesity, abdominal adiposity, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome significatively increased (P = 0.05 or less). Among participants with prehypertension, 73% had two or more additional cardiovascular risk factors. In the logistic model the probability of prehypertension was higher in men (OR: 1.429; 95% CI: 1.099 -1.857) and participants with overweight/obesity (OR: 1.666; 1.146 -2.422), lower in participants aged ≥ 55 years (0.427; 0.267 -0.683) and those with high fruit intake (0.691; 0.488 -0.977). The probability of hypertension was higher in participants aged ≥ 55 years (OR: 6.988; 4.561 -10.706), overweight/obesity (2.263; 1.704 -3.004), those with high vegetables consumption (1.152; 1.003 -1.324) and faster pulse rate (1.013; 1.002 -1.025). Conclusion: Our results suggest that fruit consumption and control of overweight are important issues for prevention of cardiovascular disease in sub-Saharan Africa where high blood pressure is the main driver of the current epidemic.

The trend in blood pressure and hypertension prevalence in the general population of South Kivu between 2012 and 2016: Results from two representative cross-sectional surveys—The Bukavu observational study

“…Second, this study shows a very low proportion of hypertensive patients treated but with no improvement between the two survey periods. Those findings remain in line with other authors who documented a low proportion of people aware of their hypertensive status, and a low proportion of those who are treated [9, 30–33] similar to Xing et al in China [20].…”

“…Studies in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) have shown an increased prevalence of hypertension ranging from 2% in the rural Pygmy population in 1960 [8] to 30.0–41.4% in the current population [9–11]. However, the approaches used in these studies—including the collection of medical data—is unreliable and does not clearly show the risks of hypertension in the general population.…”

Factors of Uncontrolled Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in the City of Boma

“…Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was defined by a GFR-MDRD < 90 ml / min / 1.73m 2 and classified according to KDIGO 2012 as follows: stage 1: a≥GFR 90 m1 / min / l, 73m; stage 2: DFG 60 -89 m1 / minll, 73m 2 stage 3 to: DFG 45 -59 ml / minll, 73m 2 stage 3 b: DFG 30 -44 ml / minll, 73m 2 stage 4: DFG 15 -29 ml / min / l, 73m 2 and stage 5: DFG < l5ml / min / l, 73 m 2 12 [12,21].…”

What Are the Determinants of Insulin Resistance (IR) and How Effective Is the Sub-Saharan Africa-Specific Threshold of Abdominal Obesity (AO-SSA) Identifying IR in Congolese Black Hypertensive Patients?

“…That's why, in the 2014 World Congress of Cardiology held in Melbourne, hypertension has been called the scourge of the African continent. In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the prevalence of HTN increased from 5% in 1986 to 30% in 2006 and 2007 in some population based studies [14]- [16]. Nowadays, seven years after these studies, a higher prevalence is more than plausible hypothesis because since then there has been no real riposte to counter this threatening scourge.…”