Prehistoric Europe

Champion, T; Gamble, Clive; Shennan, Stephen; Whittle, Alasdair

doi:10.4324/9781315422138

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…When humans started to use metals for making tools, everything changed, eventually leading to modern society (Champion et al, 1984;Rostoker and Bronson, 1990;Reardon, 2011;Murr, 2014). Two metals started it off; gold and copper.…”

Section: The Beginning Of Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gold was discovered early because it occurs as a native metal in nature. Gold occurs in the oldest city developments in Europe -Varna in Bulgaria is a good example as well as Sitagroi and Lerna in Greece (Champion et al, 1984). There gold is found that originated maybe as early as 8,000 BC, and gold is associated with the growth of the first cities in Europe, which were seats of centralised power.…”

Section: The Beginning Of Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The copperbronze age started in the Nile Valley in North Africa, in southern Spain and in Anatolia (the modern territory of Turkey), marking the beginning of a metalbased economy. By 2,500 BC, copper tools were available throughout society (Champion et al, 1984;Renfrew, 1994). Bronze working appears about 1,900-1,850 BC in China as a fully developed technology, from where it probably arrived by cultural diffusion.…”

Section: The Beginning Of Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From then on it became a bulk commodity and replaced other metals for weapons used in warfare. With the coming of the iron-age (1,300 BC to 700 BC), iron became the metal for making tools and was produced in large amounts (Champion et al, 1984;Rostoker and Bronson, 1990).…”

Section: The Beginning Of Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Iron, or rather steel is the most important metal for human society (Smith, 1776;Champion et al, 1984;Rostoker et al, 1984;Diamond 1997;World Steel Association, 2000Acemoglu and Robinson, 2013). We entered the iron age about 1,500 years ago, and have never left it.…”

Section: Ironmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Natural Resources in a Planetary Perspective

Sverdrup

Ragnarsdóttir

2014

Geochem. Persp.

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Section: The Beginning Of Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Beginning Of Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Beginning Of Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Beginning Of Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ironmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Natural Resources in a Planetary Perspective

Sverdrup

Ragnarsdóttir

2014

Geochem. Persp.

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The Late Iron Age in Switzerland: a review of anthropological, funerary, and isotopic studies

Cooper,

Milella,

Lösch

2023

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

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The Iron Age in continental Europe is a period of profound cultural and biological importance with heterogeneous trends through space and time. Regional overviews are therefore useful for better understanding the main cultural and biological patterns characterizing this period across the European regions. For the area of modern Switzerland, a rich archeological and anthropological record represents the Late Iron Age. However, no review of the main anthropological and funerary patterns for this period is available to date. Here we assess the available demographic, paleopathological, funerary, and isotopic data for the Late Iron Age in the Swiss territory, and summarize the cultural and biological patterns emerging from the available literature. Finally, we highlight a series of research avenues for future studies.

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Activity, Climate, and Postcranial Robusticity

Pearson¹

2000

Current Anthropology

192

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Postcranial robusticity--the massiveness of the skeleton--figures prominently in the debate over the origin of modern humans. Anthropologists use postcranial robusticity to infer the activity levels of prehistoric populations, and changes in robusticity are often used to support scenarios of adaptive change. These scenarios explain differences in morphology as the result of a change in lifestyle (habitual activity). One common scenario posits that early modern humans were more gracile than Neandertals because the modern humans' complex culture required less physical exertion. However, lifestyle is only one of many influences on morphology. Climate has clear correlations with physique and skeletal proportions. Analysis of recent humans that differ in terms of lifestyle and climatic adaptations reveals that limb bone robusticity varies with climate as much as or more than with lifestyle. Many of the differences in robusticity between Neandertals and early modern humans appear to be related to climatic adaptations. The results support the single-recent origin model of modern human origins. The differences in robusticity between Neandertals and early modern humans suggest that population replacement rather than local evolution best explains the emergence of modern humans in Europe. Both climatic adaptations (primarily body proportions) and lifestyle should be considered in analyses of robusticity.

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Prehistoric Europe

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Natural Resources in a Planetary Perspective

Natural Resources in a Planetary Perspective

The Late Iron Age in Switzerland: a review of anthropological, funerary, and isotopic studies

Activity, Climate, and Postcranial Robusticity

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