Pregnant women infected by the Zika virus: Ultrasound findings and growth patterns of fetuses with and without microcephaly

Abstract

Objective To compare ultrasound growth measurements of fetuses with and without microcephaly in suspected Zika virus infection. Methods A retrospective cohort study included pregnant women with suspected Zika virus infection to evaluate 110 fetuses with and without microcephaly. The women had been admitted to the fetal medicine unit between October 2015 and August 2016. Cases of fetal microcephaly resulting from other causes were excluded. Variables evaluated were the ultrasound measurements taken at fetal biometry. The relation between each fetal biometry measurement and gestational age was analyzed using fractional polynomials in random‐effects regression models. To evaluate fetal growth, curves of the mean fetal biometric parameters were constructed as a function of gestational age. Results Mean biparietal diameter and mean head circumference increased in both groups as a function of gestational age. In the group with fetal microcephaly, mean head circumference was significantly larger in the 13th and 14th weeks of pregnancy, becoming smaller compared with the group without microcephaly from the 20th week onwards, with the difference increasing with gestational age. Conclusion Fetal head circumference continues to increase until birth, even after a diagnosis of microcephaly, with a reduction only in the pace of growth. Growth decelerates as the pregnancy approaches term.

Prenatal Zika virus infection has sex-specific effects on infant physical development and mother-infant social interactions

“…Children with congenital ZIKV syndrome (CZS), which presents both with and without microcephaly, have a myriad of neurological symptoms, including ventriculomegaly, lissencephaly, areas of calcification and cysts throughout the brain, and cortical malformations (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7). Children with CZS can present smaller in size and weight (8)(9)(10) and may exhibit muscle weakness, loss of reflexes, dyspnea, hypertonia, spasticity, arthrogryposis, epilepsy, and developmental delays and may have severe learning disabilities [for a review, see (11)]. An increasing number of studies have documented developmental outcomes of children born to mothers who had confirmed ZIKV infection during gestation but who were born asymptomatic at birth.…”