Pregnancy-Related Changes of Amino Acid and Acylcarnitine Concentrations: The Impact of Obesity

Ryckman, Kelli K.; Donovan, Brittney M.; Fleener, Diedre; Bedell, Bruce; Borowski, Kristi S.

doi:10.1055/s-0036-1592414

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…However, there were no changes in branched chain amino acids between lean and obese women. 58 At term there was a decrease in amino acid concentrations and fetal-maternal amino acid gradients in obese women who had small for gestational age neonates compared with normal or obese women with average for gestational age neonates. 59 The decreased fetal-maternal amino acid gradients seen in some obese women may be related to altered placental amino acid transporter activity 41 and decreased placental SNAT activity.…”

Section: Differences In Maternal Metabolism In Obese and Normal Weighmentioning

confidence: 87%

Obesity and pregnancy: mechanisms of short term and long term adverse consequences for mother and child

Catalano

Shankar

2017

BMJ

852

749

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Obesity is the most common medical condition in women of reproductive age. Obesity during pregnancy has short term and long term adverse consequences for both mother and child. Obesity causes problems with infertility, and in early gestation it causes spontaneous pregnancy loss and congenital anomalies. Metabolically, obese women have increased insulin resistance in early pregnancy, which becomes manifest clinically in late gestation as glucose intolerance and fetal overgrowth. At term, the risk of cesarean delivery and wound complications is increased. Postpartum, obese women have an increased risk of venous thromboembolism, depression, and difficulty with breast feeding. Because 50-60% of overweight or obese women gain more than recommended by Institute of Medicine gestational weight guidelines, postpartum weight retention increases future cardiometabolic risks and prepregnancy obesity in subsequent pregnancies. Neonates of obese women have increased body fat at birth, which increases the risk of childhood obesity. Although there is no unifying mechanism responsible for the adverse perinatal outcomes associated with maternal obesity, on the basis of the available data, increased prepregnancy maternal insulin resistance and accompanying hyperinsulinemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress seem to contribute to early placental and fetal dysfunction. We will review the pathophysiology underlying these data and try to shed light on the specific underlying mechanisms.

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Section: Differences In Maternal Metabolism In Obese and Normal Weighmentioning

confidence: 87%

Obesity and pregnancy: mechanisms of short term and long term adverse consequences for mother and child

Catalano

Shankar

2017

BMJ

852

749

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although these metabolite differences were not statistically significant in single metabolite analyses, this metabolic profile was significantly different during early versus mid-pregnancy. In previous studies, some of these metabolites have been linked to insulin resistance, pregnancy, or both [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. Previous studies have observed relative decreases in fatty acids post-OGTT among pregnant women [19,20], but this is the first study to measure metabolites during both early and mid-pregnancy.…”

Section: Changes In Metabolites During An Ogtt At Early Versus Mid-prmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Therefore, these metabolites that displayed suggestive differences in response to an OGTT warrant further investigation in larger studies. Studies suggest that acyl carnitines are tightly regulated, decrease in women during pregnancy [26,27], and have been associated with maternal and child overweight and obesity [28]. Docosapentaenoate (DPA), a fatty acid, has been inversely correlated with insulin resistance markers, and circulating levels tend to decrease during pregnancy [29].…”

Section: Changes In Metabolites During An Ogtt At Early Versus Mid-prmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Metabolites During an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Early and Mid-Pregnancy: Findings from the PEARLS Randomized, Controlled Lifestyle Trial

Haslam

Liang

et al. 2020

Metabolites

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The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is used to diagnose gestational and other types of diabetes. We examined metabolite changes during an OGTT, and how a comprehensive diet and physical activity intervention may influence these changes in a population of overweight/obese Hispanic pregnant women. Integration of changes in metabolites during an OGTT may help us gain preliminary insights into how glucose metabolism changes during pregnancy. Among women from the Pregnancy and EARly Lifestyle improvement Study (PEARLS), we measured metabolites during a multipoint OGTT (fasting, 30, 60 and 120 min) at early and mid-pregnancy. Metabolite levels were measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in plasma samples in the lifestyle intervention (n = 13) and control (n = 16) arms of the study. A total of 65 candidate metabolites were selected that displayed changes during an OGTT in previous studies. Paired and unpaired t-tests were used to examine differences in Δfast-120 min: (1) at early and mid-pregnancy; and (2) by intervention assignment. We applied principal component analysis (PCA) to identify those metabolites that differed by intervention assignment and OGTT time points. Most of the characteristic changes in metabolites post-OGTT were similar at both gestational time points. PCA identified characteristic metabolite patterns associated with OGTT time points at both early and mid-pregnancy. These metabolites included ketone bodies, tryptophan, acyl carnitines, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and biomarkers related to bile acid, urea cycle, arginine, and proline metabolism. PCA identified distinct Δfast-120 min in fatty acid, acyl carnitine, bile acid, ketone body, and amino acid levels at mid- compared to early pregnancy. Participants in the intervention group did not display mean decreases in Δfast-120 min of several long-chain acyl carnitines that were observed in the control group. These findings provide preliminary insight into metabolites, whose role in increased insulin resistance during pregnancy, should be explored further in future studies.

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“…However, continuous longitudinal changes of multiple classes of plasma metabolites over pregnancy have not been described. Three recent studies described longitudinal changes in targeted maternal plasma metabolomics (including amino acids, fatty acids, and acylcarnitines) over healthy pregnancy, but each collected samples at the same fixed times in all participants, leaving gaps in the remaining weeks of pregnancy and precluding description of continuous changes over time [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. A few additional preliminary studies have measured metabolites (amino acids, fatty acids, and others) in maternal plasma at multiple points in pregnancy, but were all limited by methodological challenges including a small sample size (30 or fewer participants at each time point) and lack of repeated measurements on the same women [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, changes in metabolite concentration may be affected by maternal and fetal factors. For example, a number of studies (nearly all cross-sectional) have shown that maternal plasma metabolites (non-esterified fatty acids, branched chain amino acids, and some acylcarnitines, among others) differ by pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) [ 9 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Fetal sex may affect metabolites in maternal plasma or amniotic fluid [ 20 , 21 ], and one study in healthy pregnancy reported subtle differences in metabolomic profile by Hispanic ethnicity [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal Plasma Metabolomics Profile in Pregnancy—A Study in an Ethnically Diverse U.S. Pregnancy Cohort

Mitro

Rahman

et al. 2021

Nutrients

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Amino acids, fatty acids, and acylcarnitine metabolites play a pivotal role in maternal and fetal health, but profiles of these metabolites over pregnancy are not completely established. We described longitudinal trajectories of targeted amino acids, fatty acids, and acylcarnitines in pregnancy. We quantified 102 metabolites and combinations (37 fatty acids, 37 amino acids, and 28 acylcarnitines) in plasma samples from pregnant women in the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Fetal Growth Studies—Singletons cohort (n = 214 women at 10–14 and 15–26 weeks, 107 at 26–31 weeks, and 103 at 33–39 weeks). We used linear mixed models to estimate metabolite trajectories and examined variation by body mass index (BMI), race/ethnicity, and fetal sex. After excluding largely undetected metabolites, we analyzed 77 metabolites and combinations. Levels of 13 of 15 acylcarnitines, 7 of 25 amino acids, and 18 of 37 fatty acids significantly declined over gestation, while 8 of 25 amino acids and 10 of 37 fatty acids significantly increased. Several trajectories appeared to differ by BMI, race/ethnicity, and fetal sex although no tests for interactions remained significant after multiple testing correction. Future studies merit longitudinal measurements to capture metabolite changes in pregnancy, and larger samples to examine modifying effects of maternal and fetal characteristics.

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Pregnancy-Related Changes of Amino Acid and Acylcarnitine Concentrations: The Impact of Obesity

Cited by 22 publications

References 21 publications

Obesity and pregnancy: mechanisms of short term and long term adverse consequences for mother and child

Obesity and pregnancy: mechanisms of short term and long term adverse consequences for mother and child

Changes in Metabolites During an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Early and Mid-Pregnancy: Findings from the PEARLS Randomized, Controlled Lifestyle Trial

Longitudinal Plasma Metabolomics Profile in Pregnancy—A Study in an Ethnically Diverse U.S. Pregnancy Cohort

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