Pregnancy Rates Among U.S. Women and Their Partners in 1994

Abstract

The overall rate at which men were involved in causing a pregnancy is similar to the pregnancy rate among women. Men are typically older than women when they are involved in a pregnancy, however. This implies that men may bring more experience and resources to the pregnancy experience.

Reasons for Testing and Clinical and Demographic Profile of Adolescents With Non–Perinatally Acquired HIV Infection

“…As a corollary, female adolescents with older partners tend to have far higher risk for unprotected intercourse and pregnancy. 12,13 Consistent with this finding, Kaestle et al 14 analyzed a nationally representative survey of adolescents and found that ϳ46% of female adolescents had male partners who were Ն2 years older. Third, MSM in our study and in national surveillance reports include homosexual as well as bisexual male individuals; thus, transmission from MSM to female sex partners is an increasingly recognized risk.…”

“…24,25 Similar trends have been observed among female adolescents. Smith et al 26 found that among the predominantly (93%) female adolescent and young adult (aged [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] population that attends family planning clinics, at least 78% reported engaging in HIV-related risk behaviors such as having sex without a latex condom, but only 45% requested HIV testing. Conversely, in a study of homeless and low-income women who were aged 18 to 55 in Los Angeles, 83% of women reported having been tested for HIV.…”

Background for Community-Level Work on Positive Reproductive Health in Adolescence: Reviewing the Literature on Contributing Factors

“…Furthermore, Landry and Forrest (1995) found that fathers were older than mothers, particularly among teenage parents. Darroch et al (1999a) found that teenagers were more likely than older women to have a partner within two years of their age; however, teenagers were also more likely than older woman to report having a partner three to five years older. Having a sexual partner seven or more years older is associated with reduced odds of using contraception at first intercourse (Abma, Driscoll, & Moore, 1998).…”

“…Most of the literature on partner characteristics provides information on the age of the sexual partner, and in many cases, the male partner is older than the female partner (Darroch, Landry, & Oslak, 1999a). The likelihood of a pregnancy occurring during an adolescent females' first sexual relationship increases as the male partner's age increases (Zavodny, 2001).…”

“…Having a sexual partner seven or more years older is associated with reduced odds of using contraception at first intercourse (Abma, Driscoll, & Moore, 1998). Sexually experienced female adolescents with older partners were more likely to become pregnant than female adolescents who reported having partners close in age (Darroch, et al, 1999a). On the other hand, adolescent females who were older than their first sexual partner were more likely to become pregnant while in that relationship than females who were about the same age as their first sexual partner (Zovodny, 2001).…”