Pregnancy outcome in North American women. I. Effects of diet, cigarette smoking, and psychological stress on maternal weight gain

Picone, Thomas A.; Allen, Lindsay H.; Schramm, Margaret; Olsen, P N

doi:10.1093/ajcn/36.6.1205

Cited by 96 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…As in previous studies, 17,19 our study showed that energy intake, independent of BMI status, was related to net weight gain. The single study that did not ®nd a signi®cant association between energy intake and weight gain used a less precise dietary assessment method (one 48 h recall obtained during a structured telephone interview).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Energy intake and net weight gain in pregnant women according to body mass index (BMI) status

et al. 1997

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether body mass index (BMI) is related to energy intake during pregnancy, and whether BMI, energy intake and other factors are related to net weight gain. DESIGN: Longitudinal, duration of pregnancy. SUBJECTS: 156 healthy pregnant women residing in Quedlinburg county, Germany. METHODS: Weighed 7 d food records and standardized anthropometric measures in the ®rst, second and third trimester. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical technique was used to analyze differences in energy intake, net weight gain and birthweight across BMI groups, and the Cochran-Mantel Haenszel test was used to analyze food group intake by BMI group. RESULTS: Women at the highest level of BMI were signi®cantly less often in the high energy intake category than women at the medium or low level of BMI (15% vs 36% and 48%). Net weight gain during pregnancy was independently in¯uenced by BMI status and energy intake. Women at the highest level of BMI gained signi®cantly less weight (4.2 kg) from ®rst to third trimester than women at the medium or low levels of BMI (weight gains of 6.2 kg and 5.9 kg, respectively). Women with a low daily energy intake gained 4.6 kg during pregnancy, while women with medium and high energy intakes gained 6.0 kg and 6.1 kg, respectively. Examination of net weight gain simultaneously across BMI and parity groups revealed a much lower net weight gain among multigravid women at the highest BMI level (3.3 kg). Primigravid high BMI women, in contrast, gained 6.9 kg, whereas multigravid and primigravid women at medium and low BMI levels gained average of 4.8 kg and 6.5 kg, respectively. The mean birth weight in the three BMI groups did not differ and was not in¯uenced by age, marital status, education, parity or smoking. CONCLUSION: Because other studies have shown that weight gain during pregnancy increases the risk of subsequent overweight, multigravid high BMI women may prevent an increased weight retention after pregnancy due to lower weight gain in the current gestation. A lower caloric diet may help to accomplish a lower weight gain during pregnancy in overweight women without increased risk of low birth weight infants. These ®ndings indicate further investigation of the associations between BMI, parity and caloric intake during pregnancy are needed to increase understanding of factors affecting subsequent weight gain.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Energy intake and net weight gain in pregnant women according to body mass index (BMI) status

et al. 1997

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“…Consistent with the notion that birth outcomes are affected both by biomedical and by psychosocial factors, medical risk and parity (whether or not a woman has given birth previously) are two of the most important biomedical predictors of birth outcome (Binsacca et al, 1987;Buescher et al, 1988;Cramer, 1987;Dott and Fort, 1975;Institute of Medicine, 1985;Shiono et al, 1986) and should therefore be controlled when examining the impact of prenatal stress on birth outcome. Some studies have used samples homogeneous in medical risk and parity to control for the effects of these characteristics (e.g., Bradley, 1983;Lederman et al, 1979;Levi et al, 1989;Picone et al, 1982). However, the results of such studies may not be generalizable to populations of different risk level or parity.…”

Section: Control For Medical Risk and Paritymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies report no association with gestational age (Molfese et al, 1987a;Picone et al, 1982) or preterm delivery (Ching and Newton, 1982;Larsson et aL, 1987;Williams et al, 1975), with birth weight (Ching and Newton, 1982;Larsson et al, 1987;Picone et al, 1982), or with neonatal morbidity (Ching and Newton, 1982;Larsson et aL, 1987). The best conducted study of objectively weighted life event stress, with a point value of 5, finds that it has no significant effects (Picone et al).…”

Section: Objective Life Event Weightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conceptualizations, measurement, and effects of prenatal maternal stress on birth outcomes

1994

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This article analyzes the conceptual and methodological approaches which have been used to investigate effects of prenatal maternal stress on birth outcomes and highlights the major findings of this research. By viewing the most widely used operational definitions of prenatal stress in a broader theoretical framework, it can be seen that most studies have failed to conceptualize stress reliably. This, in addition to common methodological and design flaws which are described in the article, has produced equivocal findings about the role of stress in adverse birth outcomes such as preterm delivery and low birth weight. Recent studies using more powerful, multidimensional approaches to stress definition and measurement provide more definitive evidence and suggest some precise effects. Implications and strategies for future research are presented.

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“…Cigarette use stimulates the vigil system and therefore increases the levels of catecholamines and ACTH [46] In addition, increases the levels of catecholamines for at least 30 minutes. Therefore, the regular habit of smoking, decreases uterine blood flow [47].…”

Section: Stress Factors Of Pregnant Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eugenic Therapy and the Metabolic Syndrome

Quintero¹

2017

Epidemiology

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SummaryIndependent of the clinical syndrome that results in chronic inflammation, there is an overlap of the different etiopathogenic factors in the most common diseases of the modern era. Its pathogenesis also has similar pathophysiological mechanisms. Independent of the clinical syndrome that results in chronic inflammation, there is an overlap of the different etiopathogenic factors in the most common diseases of the modern era. Its pathogenesis also has similar pathophysiological mechanisms. These two facts prompt us, independent of the particular therapeutic connotations for each disease, to establish certain measures of prevention and treatment, also common, where precisely the holistic treatments that seek to Systemic homeostasis, are appropriate. These are the biological treatments, where the homo-toxicology, without a doubt, stands out as one of the best therapeutic alternatives.The universal concept of inflammation allows us to understand more than just the symptom and going beyond a therapeutic protocol, unfortunately a lasting solution is not in our hands and may be the anthropology, sociology and ecology, the sciences involved in the definitive solutions. In the meantime, to understand that the chronic disease of the adult may have originated during gestation or before the same. We have to look at humanity in full, in its family nucleus, interacting with an environment, in a dynamic process, involutionary and evolutionary at the same time, but it will be the knowledge of our own nature which will allow a better pathogenetic and therapeutic approach.At the end of the first millennium and the start of the second a new profile in sicknesses made itself evident and it would be naive as to think that there was no epidemic relationships between the illnesses that made them up. In today's society, the analysis of each individual sickness, without taking into account the biological changes surrounding the environment in the development of modern day life, would isolate man as a strange object in his own universe and perpetuate the reductionist concept of the Cartesian medicine where the dismembering of the human body in its sickness makes an important part of its philosophy. Under the integration prism of the environmental conditions we shall analyse the epidemic variants in the prevailing illnesses. And in one medical concept we will integrate the environmental changes with the psycho, neuro, endocrine and immunological alterations of the organism, which is the origin of almost all human disease.Keeping in mind the environmental conditions for thousands of years in the life development were relatively stable. Evolution made a permanent adjustment that allows the successful existence of life on the planet. Unfortunately, in the last few decades, human life and its relation with the stability of nature around it have changed in such a violent and extreme manner that the human being, from the biological point of view, is not prepared to defend and prosses the information which an adverse environment supplies ...

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Pregnancy outcome in North American women. I. Effects of diet, cigarette smoking, and psychological stress on maternal weight gain

Cited by 96 publications

References 35 publications

Energy intake and net weight gain in pregnant women according to body mass index (BMI) status

Energy intake and net weight gain in pregnant women according to body mass index (BMI) status

Conceptualizations, measurement, and effects of prenatal maternal stress on birth outcomes

Eugenic Therapy and the Metabolic Syndrome

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