Pregnancy during TNFα antagonist therapy: Beware the rifampin-oral contraceptive interaction. Report of two cases

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the apple ASR gene family in response to Alternaria alternata f. sp. mali

“…The ASR proteins are plant-specific, small hydrophilic proteins whose characteristic domains are located near the C-terminal with about 80 amino acids (Xiong et al 2002). The numbers of ASR genes differ among plant species from zero in Arabidopsis thaliana (Carrari et al 2004;Yang et al 2005), four in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) (Thompson and Corlett 1995;Frankel et al 2007) and in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) (Puryear et al 1996), six in rice (Oryza sativa) (Wibaux et al 2010), and nine in maize (Zea mays), which is the greatest number of ASR genes in a single species described to date (Virlouvet et al 2011).…”

“…Comparison of sequences from different species suggested that paralogous members in the family were more closely related to each other than to orthologous members (Carrari et al 2004;Wibaux et al 2010). Philipee et al (2010) suggested that these paralogs originated from recent duplication events and the sub-functionalization of each member might be species-specific.…”

British Society for Rheumatology guideline on prescribing drugs in pregnancy and breastfeeding: immunomodulatory anti-rheumatic drugs and corticosteroids

“…Initial 2006/8 consensus recommendations advised avoidance of ETA, INF and ADA in pregnancy and breastfeeding due to a lack of evidence rather than evidence of harm [68,222]. Previously, we reviewed outcome data from TNFiexposed pregnancies (n ¼ 706) of patients with predominantly IBD but also rheumatic disease and non-autoimmune-mediated recurrent spontaneous miscarriage, compared with (n ¼ 399) disease and (n ¼ 170) healthy control pregnancies [50,52,99,100,108,109,172,173,252,[260][261][262][263][264][265][266][267][268][269][270][271][272][273][274][275][276][277][278][279]. There were multiple confounders of concomitant therapies (including MTX, LEF and MMF) and active inflammatory disease.…”

The role of tumor necrosis factor-receptors in pregnancy with normal and adverse outcome

“…[194][195][196] Overall, conflicting results have been produced from these case reports and small case series, partly due to the different timing of when the treatment was taken, other concurrent medication such as methotraxate, and different underlying autoimmune conditions of varying severity. Occurrence of uncommon adverse pregnancy outcomes observed with TNFα inhibitor therapy, such as premature birth, miscarriage, low birth weight, hypertension, and preeclampsia appear to approximate those seen in women not receiving such therapy and may be due to the underlying autoimmune condition itself.…”