Pregnancy during a sporotrichosis epidemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Immunopathogenesis of Human Sporotrichosis: What We Already Know

“…How do they conduct complicated human cases and those presenting atypical clinical manifestations such as the ones described in recent years? [ 20 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. Although the increase in the number of cases has been accompanied by problems for the health system, it has created opportunities to produce knowledge and to deepen the study of human and animal cases that were previously scarce.…”

“…The main forms of clinical presentation are lymphocutanous sporotrichosis (LC) and fixed sporotrichosis (F) ( Figure 1 ). Although less common, mucosal, cutaneous disseminated, and extracutaneous forms (including osteoarticular, pulmonary, meningitis, exogenous, and endogenous endophthalmitis) have also been described ( Table 1 ) [ 11 , 12 , 22 , 24 , 30 , 47 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 ].…”

Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome associated with Sporothrix schenckii

“…The preauricular and submandibular lymph nodes are grossly enlarged and may suppurate [7] . There is no evidence how the infectious agent has been disseminated throughout the Rio de Janeiro municipality and its outskirts, but it is beyond reasonable doubt that the close interaction with cats represents a key form of transmission of the fungus [8] , [9] , [10] . Felines have very close contact with contaminated soil and organic matter and constitute a reservoir of this agent [11] .…”

Cutaneous Disseminated and Extracutaneous Sporotrichosis: Current Status of a Complex Disease

“…Particularly, for cutaneous-disseminated and disseminated sporotrichosis, more cases are diagnosed in immunocompromised patients, mostly related to HIV-AIDS [ 3 , 34 , 35 , 36 ], chronic alcoholism [ 28 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ], hematologic cancer (leukemia and lymphomas) [ 42 , 43 , 44 ], Diabetes mellitus [ 3 , 4 , 45 ], steroid treatment [ 2 , 3 , 46 ], transplanted patients [ 47 , 48 ] pregnancy [ 3 , 49 ] (although may be considered immunocompetent), malnutrition [ 3 , 4 ] and exceptional cases are reported for immunocompetent patients [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ]. In the particular case of pregnant patients, some authors do not consider this a predisposing factor to develop disseminated sporotrichosis; however, in our experience, the majority of cases presented as disseminated cutaneous sporotrichosis [ 3 ].…”

“…Cutaneous-disseminated sporotrichosis, also called hematogenous sporotrichosis, is a rare entity, usually seen in immunocompromised patients [ 3 , 4 , 46 ], due to the mentioned predisposing factors, where the causative agent has a role as an opportunist; there are few reports in immunocompetent patients [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ], pointing out that virulence is an important factor for disease development; however, this theory has not been fully verified [ 56 , 57 ]. Clinical manifestations of cutaneous-disseminated sporotrichosis include ulcerated nodules and verrucous plaques ( Figure 1 ) [ 58 , 59 , 60 ]; there are cases of many inoculations, this may be related to cat scratches (most cases reported in Brazil) and may develop in immunocompetent patients [ 2 , 4 , 29 ].…”