Pregnancy and Parturition of Mice Latently Infected with Pseudorabies Virus

Tanaka, Seiichi; Mannen, Kazuaki

doi:10.1538/expanim.57.149

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…19 A recent study further confirmed that in PRV-challenged pregnant mice, the maternal antibody placental transport served an important role in the protection of the newborn. 20 In this regard, it could be an adaptive response that swine serum contains more IgM and IgG in the early stage of PRV infection. This could provide a biological explanation for our observation that PRV-infected mice needed a much higher amount of Trp than normal mice to obtain a similar live embryo number.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tryptophan Supplements Promote Pregnancy Success in Mice Challenged with Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) by Regulating the Expression of Systemic Cytokines, Immunoglobulins, PRV-Specific Protein Profiles, and Toll-Like Receptors

Qiu

ZhengFeng

et al. 2011

Journal of Medicinal Food

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Tryptophan (Trp) plays an important role in regulating the maternal immune response, a key determinant of the success or failure of pregnancy, but whether Trp supplements can prevent a pseudorabies virus (PRV)-induced failure of pregnancy remains unknown. This study examined the effect of three dietary Trp levels (0.25%, 0.35%, and 0.5%) on the immunity and reproduction of PRV-challenged pregnant mice. PRV challenge resulted in decreased live embryo numbers, live litter sizes, and serum progesterone and interleukin (IL)-10 concentrations, but increased the levels of serum immunoglobulins (Igs) (PRV-specific antibody [IgG, IgA, and IgM]) and IL-1β. Live embryo numbers, live litter sizes, serum progesterone concentration, and IgG and PRV-specific antibody levels on day 9 of pregnancy were all increased dose-dependently by Trp inclusion in the diet of PRV-challenged mice. Increased Trp levels in PRV-challenged mice promoted the up-regulation of uterine and embryonic indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression, but attenuated the up-regulation of uterine and embryonic Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 and TLR9 expression and increased serum interferon-γ concentration. Collectively, Trp supplements might improve reproductive performance of PRV-challenged pregnant mice by down-regulating TLR expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis, by up-regulating PRV-specific antibody and immunoglobulin synthesis, and by elevating the concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines and progesterone.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tryptophan Supplements Promote Pregnancy Success in Mice Challenged with Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) by Regulating the Expression of Systemic Cytokines, Immunoglobulins, PRV-Specific Protein Profiles, and Toll-Like Receptors

Qiu

ZhengFeng

et al. 2011

Journal of Medicinal Food

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“…Furthermore, neither estrus cycle nor pregnancy affected infectivity by PRV (rodents: Papka et al . 1998, Lee & Erskine 2000, Tanaka & Mannen 2008), or number of virus-infected cells in various ganglia after injection of PRV into the cervix in the spinal cord of nonpregnant rats (Weiss et al . 2001), or transport, shedding, and replication of other viruses (cat: Boggess et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrograde tracing of spinal cord connections to the cervix with pregnancy in mice

Kirby

Groves²,

Yellon

2010

Reproduction

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In contrast to the uterus, the cervix is well innervated during pregnancy and the density of nerve fibers increases before birth. To assess neural connections between the cervix and the spinal cord, the cervix of pregnant mice was injected with the trans-synaptic retrograde neural tract tracer pseudorabies virus (PRV). After 5 days, the virus was present in nerve cells and fibers in specific areas of the sensory, autonomic, and motor subdivisions of the thoracolumbar spinal cord. In nonpregnant controls, the virus was predominantly distributed in laminae I–III in the dorsal gray sensory areas with the heaviest label in the substantia gelatinosa compared with the autonomic or motor areas. Labeled cells and processes were sparse in other regions, except for a prominent cluster in the intermediolateral column (lamina VII). Photomicrographs of spinal cord sections were digitized, and the total area with the virus was estimated. Compared with nonpregnant controls, the area with PRV was significantly decreased in all the spinal cord subdivisions in pregnant mice except in the intermediolateral column. However, areas with the virus were equivalent in mice injected with PRV at 4 days or 1 day before birth. These findings suggest that the predominant innervation of the murine cervix is from the sensory regions of the thoracolumbar spinal cord, and that these connections diminish with pregnancy. The results raise the possibility that the remaining connections from sensory and autonomic subdivisions, particularly the intermediolateral column, of the thoracolumbar spinal cord may be important for increased density of nerve fibers in the cervix as pregnancy nears term.

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“…The pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes abortion or birth of dead or weak pups in sows ( 19 ) and decreased weight of progeny at weaning in mice ( 20 ). PRV infection is highly lethal and may represent a sanitary risk for the international trade in porcine embryos because of its origin from blood or semen ( 19 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Vitamin E on Reproductive Protection in Pregnant Mice Infected with Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) via Regulating Expression of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) and Cytokine Balance

Luo

Lin

et al. 2010

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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Summary Vitamin E supplement and pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection have a reciprocal role in influencing the maternal immune response, a key determinant of the success or failure of pregnancy. However, it remains unknown whether vitamin E supplement provides protection against PRV-induced failure of pregnancy. This study was therefore conducted to investigate the effect of dietary vitamin E level (0, 75, 375, 750 and 1,500 mg/kg) on the reproduction performance, immunity and expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) of PRVchallenged mice. The mortality and abortion rate of PRV-challenged mice decreased with the increase in vitamin E consumption. Overall, PBS-injected mice had a higher live embryo number and live litter size than PRV-challenged mice. Both live embryo number and live litter size of PRV-challenged mice increased with increasing vitamin E levels. Vitamin E supplement resulted in decreased concentration of serum IL-2 and IFN-␥ , but increased concentration of serum IL-10. The concentration of serum IgG, IgA and IgM increased with increasing vitamin E levels. In the uterine and embryo mRNA abundance of TLR3, TLR7 and TLR9 was higher in PRV-challenged mice than that in PBS-injected mice fed on the same dosage of vitamin E. The mRNA abundance of embryonic TLR3, TLR7 and TLR9 in PRV-challenged mice decreased with increasing vitamin E levels. Collectively, vitamin E supplement may improve reproductive performance of PRV-challenged mice by attenuating PRV-induced negative effects on the cytokine profile, immunoglobulin synthesis and TLR expression.

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Pregnancy and Parturition of Mice Latently Infected with Pseudorabies Virus

Cited by 4 publications

References 18 publications

Tryptophan Supplements Promote Pregnancy Success in Mice Challenged with Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) by Regulating the Expression of Systemic Cytokines, Immunoglobulins, PRV-Specific Protein Profiles, and Toll-Like Receptors

Tryptophan Supplements Promote Pregnancy Success in Mice Challenged with Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) by Regulating the Expression of Systemic Cytokines, Immunoglobulins, PRV-Specific Protein Profiles, and Toll-Like Receptors

Retrograde tracing of spinal cord connections to the cervix with pregnancy in mice

Effects of Vitamin E on Reproductive Protection in Pregnant Mice Infected with Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) via Regulating Expression of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) and Cytokine Balance

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