Preferred skin color enhancement for photographic color reproduction

Zeng, Huanzhao; Luo, Ronnier

doi:10.1117/12.874359

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…As a consequence, it can be concluded that people across various cultures and nationalities seem to have a quite common and consistent notion of how skin colors should ideally look like. This basically emphasizes the importance of skin colors in the context of preference and memory, which has already been confirmed by various authors 8,57‐64 …”

Section: Color Appearance Rating Results Of Chinese and German Observerssupporting

confidence: 80%

Impact of the adapted white point and the cultural background on memory color assessments

Babilon

Khanh

2020

Color Research & Application

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With their inherent ability of serving as an internal reference, memory colors provide a very powerful concept in the evaluation of color rendering properties of white light sources with respect to visual appreciation. Recent results for example suggest fairly good correlations between memory‐based color quality metrics and the observers' general color preferences. However, due to technical limitations in the design of the underlying psychophysical experiments, they generally lack the explicit inclusion of realistic viewing and adaptation conditions, which is supposed to have a nonnegligible impact on the model prediction performance. In addition, intercultural effects might play a crucial role in the context of memory colors. For these reasons, the current article investigates the impact of both the adapted white point and the observers' cultural background on memory color assessments in order to contribute to a better understanding of these dependencies and their interactions. For this purpose, the color appearance rating results of Chinese and German observers were collected for a selection of 12 different familiar test objects assessed under two different adaptation conditions at 3200 K and 5600 K, respectively. From the statistical analysis of the experimental data, it is shown, in accordance to previous studies, that the impact of the observed intercultural deviations is likely to be of no practical importance even though significance is found. Despite considerably larger effect sizes, the same must be concluded for the two tested adaptation conditions.

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Section: Color Appearance Rating Results Of Chinese and German Observerssupporting

confidence: 80%

Impact of the adapted white point and the cultural background on memory color assessments

Babilon

Khanh

2020

Color Research & Application

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“…Cross‐cultural preferences show that Asians prefer less chromatic skin tones than Caucasians and Africans, and Africans prefer more chromatic skin tone for Caucasian and Asian skin tone images than Caucasians and Asians themselves. Interobserver variability was larger for Africans than for Caucasians and Asians 5,6 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Preferred white balance for applications using virtual backgrounds

Anku

Farnand

2021

Color Research & Application

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Under the current COVID‐19 global pandemic, most of the world is operating online, which has increased the importance of better understanding the perceived color quality of video conference calls. We performed two experiments to evaluate the white balance appearance preference for images simulating a scene from a video conference call where a person is using a virtual background. Due to the dissimilarities of the light sources used for the subject and the background scene, the overall picture may look aesthetically unappealing. The first experiment was designed to assess the preference of white balance for images containing a foreground subject, with three different skin tones: light, medium, and dark, and a background scene, with five different color temperature appearances, cool to warm. The background scenes include famous attractions in the United States, water bodies, foliage, and a few less common scenes like a sculpture at the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) and a ColorChecker. Observers were presented with a pair of images of the same subject with same background scene, but with different white balance appearance. These comparisons were performed for each foreground subject with all background scenes. Both experiments were performed by naïve observers, who were from around the globe with no knowledge of color science and observers from the Munsell Color Science Lab (MCSL) at the RIT. The results show that observers' preference increases as we go from cooler to warmer appearance for the Canyon, RIT, Snow, Flower, and Autumn backgrounds, and vice versa for the Lake background. The Golden Gate background results are the most scattered among all scenes with very small differences in their scale values. MCSL observers show a strong agreement in preference to warmer appearance for light and dark skin tones for the RIT scene, and neutral and warmer appearance for medium skin tone for the RIT and Golden Gate scenes, respectively. To understand the relation between the background scene and foreground subject's white balance appearance, a second experiment was performed. The subjects had three different appearances: cool, neutral, and warm. Based on the results of the first experiment, five scenes with two white balance appearances, the most preferred rendition and the neutral rendition (original appearance at the time of the scene was captured), were used for the second paired comparison study. The results indicated that preference varied based on the foreground subject skin tone and background scene. However, the background preferences follow similar trends to the first experiment. There were variations in the degree of agreement, some showed very strong agreement, like dark skin tone with the RIT background, whereas for others, like autumn background with light skin tone, preferences were more scattered. Overall, the differences in the scale values were smaller as compared to the first experiment, which indicates that, as we present the observers with more options, the decision became harder.

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“…Then, using D65 as the reference white point, the images were converted from XYZ to CIELAB color space. From previous research, it is known that skin colors exhibit an ellipsoidal distribution in the CIELAB color space [11]. Moreover, under the D65 illumination condition, the parameters of the ellipsoid corresponding to a specific ethnicity in the CIELAB color space are well-defined [12].…”

Section: Facial Skin Pixel Segmentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As is mentioned above, it's known that for a specific ethnicity, the position and parameters of the skin color ellipsoid in the CIELAB color space is determined [12], and this skin color ellipsoid (50% acceptance ellipsoid in PMCC) [14] can be considered as a standard three-dimensional skin color gamut. Which means when capturing an image containing skin color, regardless of the lighting conditions during the photo capture, as long as the correct reference white point was chosen during the conversion process from XYZ to LAB, the result Lab value of skin color should fall within this standard skin color gamut.…”

Section: Illumination Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improve Image White Balance by Facial Skin Color

Wang,

Zhu,

Liu

et al. 2023

cic

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In area of white balance, the process of large colored background images seems to be a problem. Regarding this issue, a white balance algorithm based on facial skin color was proposed. A neural network-based object detection algorithm and an adaptive threshold segmentation algorithm were combined to achieve the accurate segmentation of skin color pixels. Then a 3dimension color gamut mapping method in CIELAB color space was used to do the illumination estimation. Last, CAT16 model was applied to rendering the images to standard lighting condition. Besides, an ill white balanced images dataset taken against large colored backgrounds were prepared to test the present algorithm and others' performance. The results show the proposed algorithm performs better on the dataset.

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Preferred skin color enhancement for photographic color reproduction

Cited by 5 publications

References 6 publications

Impact of the adapted white point and the cultural background on memory color assessments

Impact of the adapted white point and the cultural background on memory color assessments

Preferred white balance for applications using virtual backgrounds

Improve Image White Balance by Facial Skin Color

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