Preferential feeding on high quality diets decreases methyl mercury of farm-raised common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Schultz, Sebastian W.; Vallant, Birgit; Kainz, Martin J.

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.01.006

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…No benthic invertebrates were observed in sediments (analyses of sediments) or in carp guts (visual inspection of gut contents). While zooplankton were the major diet source in N, results of a previous study on stable isotope analysis (δ 13 C and δ 15 N) in these diets and carp showed that on average only 18% of supplied VO feeds, but 60% of FO were retained in carp [26]. Carp feeding on N and VO were smaller (28±3 cm and 29±2 cm, respectively) and lighter (723±238 g and 655±134 g, respectively) than carp feeding on FO (33±2 cm and 1413±228 g).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Tissue-Specific Fatty Acids Response to Different Diets in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

et al. 2014

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Fish depend on dietary fatty acids (FA) to support their physiological condition and health. Exploring the FA distribution in common carp (Cyprinus carpio), one of the world's most consumed freshwater fish, is important to understand how and where FA of different sources are allocated. We investigated diet effects on the composition of polar and neutral lipid fatty acids (PLFA and NLFA, respectively) in eight different tissues (dorsal and ventral muscle, heart, kidney, intestine, eyes, liver and adipose tissue) of common carp. Two-year old carp were exposed to three diet sources (i.e., zooplankton, zooplankton plus supplementary feeds containing vegetable, VO, or fish oil, FO) with different FA composition. The PLFA and NLFA response was clearly tissue-specific after 210 days of feeding on different diets. PLFA were generally rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated FA and only marginally influenced by dietary FA, whereas the NLFA composition strongly reflected dietary FA profiles. However, the NLFA composition in carp tissues varied considerably at low NLFA mass ratios, suggesting that carp is able to regulate the NLFA composition and thus FA quality in its tissues when NLFA contents are low. Finally, this study shows that FO were 3X more retained than VO as NLFA particularly in muscle tissues, indicating that higher nutritional quality feeds are selectively allocated into tissues and thus available for human consumption.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Tissue-Specific Fatty Acids Response to Different Diets in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

et al. 2014

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“…For carp, the CONTAM Panel have used the ingredients of commercial compound feeds for carp reported by Schultz et al. () to estimate the exposures for fish of 1 kg live weight and a feed intake of 0.022 kg dry matter/day (Appendix E, Tables and ).…”

Section: Food and Feed Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risks to human and animal health related to the presence of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms in food and feed

Knutsen¹,

Alexander²,

Barregård³

et al. 2017

EFS2

213

187

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Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin primarily produced by Fusarium fungi, occurring predominantly in cereal grains. Following the request of the European Commission, the CONTAM Panel assessed the risk to animal and human health related to DON, 3-acetyl-DON (3-Ac-DON), 15-acetyl-DON (15-Ac-DON) and DON-3-glucoside in food and feed. A total of 27,537, 13,892, 7,270 and 2,266 analytical data for DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside, respectively, in food, feed and unprocessed grains collected from 2007 to 2014 were used. For human exposure, grains and grain-based products were main sources, whereas in farm and companion animals, cereal grains, cereal by-products and forage maize contributed most. DON is rapidly absorbed, distributed, and excreted. Since 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON are largely deacetylated and DON-3-glucoside cleaved in the intestines the same toxic effects as DON can be expected. The TDI of 1 lg/kg bw per day, that was established for DON based on reduced body weight gain in mice, was therefore used as a group-TDI for the sum of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside. In order to assess acute human health risk, epidemiological data from mycotoxicoses were assessed and a group-ARfD of 8 lg/kg bw per eating occasion was calculated. Estimates of acute dietary exposures were below this dose and did not raise a health concern in humans. The estimated mean chronic dietary exposure was above the group-TDI in infants, toddlers and other children, and at high exposure also in adolescents and adults, indicating a potential health concern. Based on estimated mean dietary concentrations in ruminants, poultry, rabbits, dogs and cats, most farmed fish species and horses, adverse effects are not expected. At the high dietary concentrations, there is a potential risk for chronic adverse effects in pigs and fish and for acute adverse effects in cats and farmed mink.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made.The EFSA Journal is a publication of the European Food Safety Authority, an agency of the European Union. Deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms in food and feed www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal 2 EFSA Journal 2017;15(9):4718 Deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms in food and feed www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal 3 EFSA Journal 2017;15(9):4718 Deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms in food and feed www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal 4 EFSA Journal 2017;15(9):471870% of ingested DON is excreted via urine, of which about 80% was in conjugated forms, mainly as DON-15-glucuronide that was about threefold more efficiently formed than DON-3-glucuronide. After a single oral exposure to DON, feed refusal appeared very quickly in mice. Previous risk assessments of DON conducted by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) in 1999 and by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives...

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“…The CONTAM Panel used the ingredients of commercial compound feeds for carp reported by Schultz et al. () to estimate exposure to DAS.…”

Section: Appendix E – Feed Intakes and Diet Composition (Livestock)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk to human and animal health related to the presence of 4,15‐diacetoxyscirpenol in food and feed

Knutsen¹,

Alexander²,

Barregård³

et al. 2018

EFS2

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4,15-Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) is a mycotoxin primarily produced by Fusarium fungi and occurring predominantly in cereal grains. As requested by the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) assessed the risk of DAS to human and animal health related to its presence in food and feed. Very limited information was available on toxicity and on toxicokinetics in experimental and farm animals. Due to the limitations in the available data set, human acute and chronic health-based guidance values (HBGV) were established based on data obtained in clinical trials of DAS as an anticancer agent (anguidine) after intravenous administration to cancer patients. The CONTAM Panel considered these data as informative for the hazard characterisation of DAS after oral exposure. The main adverse effects after acute and repeated exposure were emesis, with a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 32 lg DAS/kg body weight (bw), and haematotoxicity, with a NOAEL of 65 lg DAS/kg bw, respectively. An acute reference dose (ARfD) of 3.2 lg DAS/kg bw and a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.65 lg DAS/kg bw were established. Based on over 15,000 occurrence data, the highest acute and chronic dietary exposures were estimated to be 0.8 and 0.49 lg DAS/kg bw per day, respectively, and were not of health concern for humans. The limited information for poultry, pigs and dogs indicated a low risk for these animals at the estimated DAS exposure levels under current feeding practices, with the possible exception of fattening chicken. Assuming similar or lower sensitivity than for poultry, the risk was considered overall low for other farm and companion animal species for which no toxicity data were available. In consideration of the similarities of several trichothecenes and the likelihood of co-exposure via food and feed, it could be appropriate to perform a cumulative risk assessment for this group of substances. Acknowledgments: The CONTAM Panel wishes to thank the hearing expert Chiara Dall'Asta, the WG member Hanspeter Naegeli and the EFSA staff member Mari Eskola for the support provided to this scientific output. The CONTAM Panel acknowledges all European competent institutions and other stakeholders that provided occurrence data on DAS in food and feed, and supported the data collection for the Comprehensive European Food Consumption database.

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Preferential feeding on high quality diets decreases methyl mercury of farm-raised common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Cited by 17 publications

References 27 publications

Tissue-Specific Fatty Acids Response to Different Diets in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Tissue-Specific Fatty Acids Response to Different Diets in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Risks to human and animal health related to the presence of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms in food and feed

Risk to human and animal health related to the presence of 4,15‐diacetoxyscirpenol in food and feed

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