“…In conclusion, using a long-term, individual-based demographic survey coupled with a simple economic analysis, we were able to devise evidence-based, cost-effective land management scenarios tailored for the species, the sites and the economic context under study. Our findings are not only relevant to the design of agri-environmental schemes but also to other performance-based payments for conservation, as in the implementation of biodiversity offset requirements by developers (Calvet, Le Coënt, Napoléone, & Quétier, 2017;Vaissière, Tardieu, Quétier, & Roussel, 2017). In the absence of long-term individual-based demographic data, evaluation of land management has often relied on coarser and sparser indicators like species density or richness (Kleijn et al, 2006(Kleijn et al, , 2009 or on species distribution models fitted on abundance data (van Teeffelen, Cabeza, Pöyry, Raatikainen, & Kuussaari, 2008).…”