“…Thus, the concept of personalization needs to be clearly defined before personalization process and personalization effects can be further discussed in this study. While personalized messages can be created based on various aspects of personal information such as names (Dijkstra, 2014), purchase needs (Aguirre, Mahr, Grewal, de Ruyter, & Wetzels, 2015), personality traits (Hirsh, Kang, & Bodenhausen, 2012), personalization is narrowly defined in this study as a communication process in which message senders design and deliver individualized messages to each message recipient based on his/her measured preferences (Beam, 2014;Kim & Sundar, 2012;Kramer, Spolter-Weisfeld, & Thakkar, 2007;Shen & Ball, 2011).…”